THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY IN GLOBALIZATION

This article gives a quick overview of the evolution of cross-national cooperation through various historical periods. A comparison of the present globalization process with the oldest types of state interactions was conducted, and several factors that directly or indirectly influenced the simplicity of international cooperation were identified. The key stages of development and legislation creation that affected the growth of commercial ties between states and foreign firms were emphasized. Globalization's manifestations in numerous realms of human life, its influence on life and the spheres of life, and probable future possibilities and circumstances of existence were also discussed. As a result, the many forms of globalization that exist today have been emphasized. In addition to the potential and good elements of globalization, substantial flaws in the process have been uncovered. Reasons and justifications for these flaws were provided based on the work of Nobel Laureates in Economics. Inequality as a result of globalization was studied in more depth. The primary reasons of disparity in the manufacturing process between developed and developing countries are identified. In addition, different nations have differing salary and working circumstances for skilled and unskilled labor.

Role of Private School for Income and Employment Generation in Nepal

This paper briefly discusses about the income and generation of employment contributed by the Private Schools in Nepal. The educational system of Nepal includes school education and higher education. In both levels, the role of private education has grown up, promoted and explored by some educational actors as a solution to the lack of sufficient public provision of education or underperforming public schools. Primary source has been used for collection of data. The main purpose of collecting primary data and information at micro level is to understand academic environment, income and employment situation, perception of teachers, and academic facilities with the school of sample schools. There are significant numbers of semi-skilled and unskilled labor force in private schools. Hence school is also providing employment not only to the skilled and educated mass but also to the unskilled and semi-skilled both male and female workers.

The Elasticity of Substitution between Skilled and Unskilled Labor: A Meta-Analysis

A key parameter in the analysis of wage inequality is the elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled labor. We question the common view that the elasticity exceeds 1. Two biases, publication and attenuation, conspire to pull the mean elasticity reported in the literature to 1.9. After correcting for the biases, the literature is consistent with the elasticity in the US of 0.6--0.9. Our analysis relies on 729 estimates of the elasticity collected from 76 studies as well as 37 controls that reflect the context in which the estimates were obtained. We use recently developed nonlinear techniques to correct for publication bias and employ Bayesian and frequentist model averaging to address model uncertainty. Our results suggest that, first, insignificant estimates of the elasticity are underreported. Second, because researchers typically estimate the elasticity's inverse, measurement error exaggerates the elasticity, and we show the exaggeration is substantial. Third, elasticities are systematically larger for developed countries, translog estimation, and methods that ignore endogeneity.

Spatial Dynamics of Internal Migration Flows of the Skilled and Unskilled in Mexico

ABSTRACT: The dynamics of the internal migration is a crucial element in the composition of the workforce of a certain region, so its analysis contributes to the better understanding of labor markets and sociodemographic changes in a region. In order to characterize the most recent patterns of migratory flows of skilled and unskilled labor, census data are considered for the periods 1995-2000, 2005-2010 and 2010-2015. The analysis considers different indicators that describe the intensity and relative concentration of interstate migration. Changes in migratory patterns are evident; a lower concentration of internal migration whose effect is more marked for unskilled labor. That is, it is observed that the number of states that play a preponderant role in the redistribution of labor in Mexico has increased. The relationship of domestic labor mobility is evident to the regional transformation as a result of new geographical patterns of location of investment, production and economic agglomeration.

Impact of Skilled and Unskilled Labor on Project Performance Using Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Construction labors play critical roles in executing the project. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide and review using partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach that the skilled and unskilled labor force impact on project performance which has been overlooked in the previous literature in the context of the public construction industry in developing countries, like Pakistan. To achieve the objective of this study, a hypothetical model was developed and empirically examined by using Structural Equation Modeling. Data were gathered through a questionnaire survey method. In total, 400 construction practitioners responded to the questionnaire on behalf of their organization. The results revealed that unskilled labor has a significant negative impact on project performance during the construction phase, whereas the results confirmed that skilled labors have a significant positive impact on project performance in enhancing the success rate of the project in the public construction industry. These results could be used by construction experts to elaborate a broader and rooted view of the labor skills affecting the project performance. The results provide adequate information to policy and decision makers concerning labor skills being a compulsory part of the operational strategy in accelerating the better execution and success of construction projects. The current study adds to the construction project management literature by examining the effect of labor skills on project performance positively or negatively, and the hypothesized model was developed that should be adopted by practitioners to ascertain labor skills for the successful execution of the project.

Case Study Experiment: A Toolkit to Drive Cultural Change

<p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p> </p><p>Both private and public sectors are ready for a new management model that engages the workforce. Necessitated by the baby boomer retirements rates, lower unemployment, an increased demand for skilled and unskilled labor, and the newest generation in the employment pool, companies have a need to create cultures that attract and retain talent like never before. As a result, a variety of new books, articles, and theories have been introduced to the body of knowledge, including concepts to attempt to change the organizational culture. This case study demonstrates an experiment conducted in a Fortune 500 company, integrating theories and practices from a variety of domains to improve the team culture and ultimately business performance. The tools and techniques are offered for replication.</p>

A Cost Analysis of the Republican Circuit Walls

This chapter analyzes the social and economic effects of the single largest construction project of pre-Imperial Rome, the circuit of walls built in the first half of the fourth century BCE. I employ an “energetics” approach (Abrams 1994), quantifying the labor-cost of the walls’ construction by means of comparative data and close study of the monument’s remains. The resulting model provides a better idea not only of the walls’ total cost, but of the workforce’s composition, the balance of skilled and unskilled labor, and the schedule of construction. The costs are then input into a general model of the Roman economy in order to assess the broader impact of the walls’ costs. Archaeological and textual evidence indicate the walls were built with compulsory labor. This further underscores the likelihood that the project widened economic inequality and worsened existing socioeconomic tensions.

Immigration and Security—Post 9/11 United States

This article explores the changing relationship between immigration and security in the post-9/11 United States. When it comes to immigration before 9/11, security was not the overarching concern in the US; rather, the focus was on economic interest, skilled and unskilled labor, family reunification, etc. However, immediately after 9/11, security became indisputably prioritized. In fact, September 11 changed the way Americans started to look at security, and this led to a thickening of the balance between the two.