Efecto del solvente de extracción sobre la composición química, propiedades fisicoquímicas y biológicas de extractos de hongos comestibles

Los hongos comestibles han sido descritos como una fuente importante de compuestos biológicos capaces de reducir la carga de bacterias patógenas y los niveles de radicales libres en los alimentos. En este estudio, se determinó el análisis químico proximal de las harinas de hongos comestibles (Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma lucidum y Pleurotus ostreatus). Asimismo, se determinó el efecto del solvente (agua, etanol y una mezcla de agua-etanol) sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas, contenido de fenoles, actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante de los extractos de hongos comestibles. Los resultados indican que las harinas de G. lucidum y P. ostreatus mostraron (p < 0.05) el contenido más bajo de humedad (< 4%), lípidos (< 2%), el contenido más alto de carbohidratos (> 80%), y P. ostreatus el contenido más bajo de ceniza y el más alto en proteínas (p < 0.05). Los extractos acuosos de los hongos presentaron los valores más altos de luminosidad y TSS (total soluble solids, por sus siglas en inglés) (p < 0.05). Los extractos de P. ostreatus presentaron alto rendimiento de extracción (> 40%), pH, color rojo, color amarillo y contenido de fenoles y flavonoides (p < 0.05). Por otra parte, los extractos etanólicos y acuoso-etanólicos de G. lucidum y P. ostreatus con un alto efecto inhibidor sobre Staphylococcus aureus > Listeria innocua > Escherichia coli > Salmonella typhimurium (p < 0.05). Respecto a la actividad antioxidante, los extractos de P. ostreatus presentaron el mayor poder reductor y actividad antirradical; mientras que, los extractos etanólicos y acuoso-etanólicos de G. lucidum y P. ostreatus la mayor inhibición en la oxidación de lípidos (p < 0.05). Los extractos de hongos comestibles evaluados podrían utilizarse como ingredientes antimicrobianos y antioxidantes para la industria alimentaria.

FIRST REPORT OF THE ANTICANCER EFFICIENCY OF AGARICUS BRASILIENSIS MUSHROOM ON HUMAN EMBRYONIC LIVER WRL68 AND HUMAN PANCREATIC ASPC-1 CANCER CELLS THERAPY

Mushrooms are food traditionally consumed in Asia, Europe and America. They are being studied for medicinal benefits. Extensive studies have shown that Agaricus brasiliensis mushroom used as a medical productto combat cancers. Our data reveal that the determined inhibitory concentration fifty(IC50) values were observed maximum dose responses (IC50) of WRL68 andAsPC-1 cancer cells reported of 172.6 µg/ml and 158.2 µg/ml respectively at 2.23 and 2.1 µg/ml ethanolic mushroom concentrations. The highly cytotoxic activity of the extract on growth inhibition AsPC-1 and WRL68were generally observed 97.9% and 95% at extract concentrations of 25 µg/ml and 50µg/ml respectively. Finally, Phytochemical profile of Agaricus brasiliensis mushroom extract found to beflavonoids, glycosides, saponins, phenols,alkaloids, tannins.The extracts of Agaricus brasiliensiswas tested throughGas Chromatography-Mass(GC-MS). There were five different compounds analyzed from the extracts of Agaricus brasiliensis. The compounds in the ethanolic extract of A. brasiliensis mushroom were comprised mostly of Acetic acid ethyl ester(38.39%),followed by(3-Methyl-oxiran-2-yl)-methanol (34.71%), Chlorbromuron (22.86%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (3.85%) and Heptane, 1-(1-butenyloxy) (0.19%). However, no studies were done using Agaricus brasiliensismushroom extract against WRL68 and AsPC-1 human cell lines. Therefore, the anticancer efficiency of Agaricus brasiliensis mushroom on human embryonic liver WRL68 andhuman pancreatic AsPC-1 cancer cellstherapy is being reported for the first time in the current study.

Effects of cadmium stress on physiological indexes and fruiting body nutritions of Agaricus brasiliensis

In this study, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg·kg−1 of cadmium were added to the cultivation materials. In order to study the effects of different concentrations of Cd stress on J1 and J77, the contents of antioxidant enzymes, proline and malondialdehyde, Cd content, agronomic traits and yield of fruiting bodies of Agaricus brasiliensis were determined, and the nutritional components such as polysaccharide, triterpene, protein, total sugar and total amino acid were determined. The results showed that the physiological indexes of strain J1 and J77 changed regularly under different concentrations of Cd stress. J1 was a high absorption and low tolerance variety, while J77 was a low absorption and high tolerance variety. Low concentration of Cd promoted the growth of strain J1, and higher concentration of Cd promoted the growth of strain J77. The contents of protein and total amino acids in the two strains changed greatly, followed by polysaccharides, which indicated that Cd stress had the greatest impact on the three nutrients, and other nutrients were not sensitive to Cd stress.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of wheat fermented with Agaricus brasiliensis and Agaricus bisporus

Solid-state fermentation with Agaricus brasiliensis and Agaricus bisporus on whole grain wheat was carried out. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of fermented wheat were determined. The results showed that the maximum values of polyphenols contents in wheat fermented with A. brasiliensis and A. bisporus reached respectively (3.16 ± 0.21) and (3.93 ± 0.23) mg GAE/g, which were 2.90 and 3.61 times of unfermented control. By employing ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), 18 kinds of phenolic compounds were identified from fermented wheat. Compared with control, only 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde was the same compound. It indicated that fermentation with the two fungi changed polyphenols contents and phenolic compounds composition in wheat to a great extent. Among these phenolic compounds, except for 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid and β-N-(γ-glutamyl)-4-formylphenylhydrazine, other 15 kinds of phenolic compounds were first identified from mushroom samples (including fruit bodies, mycelia and fermentation products). DPPH radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, ferrous ion chelating ability and inhibition of lipid peroxidation of fermented wheat were significantly stronger than control (P &lt; 0.05).

Effects of Cadmium Stress on Physiological Indexes and Fruiting Body Nutritions of Agaricus Brasiliensis

In this study, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg·kg-1 of cadmium were added to the cultivation materials. In order to study the effects of different concentrations of Cd stress on J1 and J77, the contents of antioxidant enzymes, proline and malondialdehyde, Cd content, agronomic traits and yield of fruiting bodies of Agaricus brasiliensis were determined, and the nutritional components such as polysaccharide, triterpene, protein, total sugar and total amino acid were determined. The results showed that the physiological indexes of strain J1 and J77 changed regularly under different concentrations of Cd stress. J1 was a high absorption and low tolerance variety, while J77 was a low absorption and high tolerance variety. Low concentration of cadmium promoted the growth of strain J1, and higher concentration of Cd promoted the growth of strain J77. The contents of protein and total amino acids in the two strains changed greatly, followed by polysaccharides, which indicated that Cd stress had the greatest impact on the three nutrients, and other nutrients were not sensitive to Cd stress.