The influences of the "industry 4.0" development on the human capital of the industrial enterprise: foreign

The factors and the consequences of the "Industry 4.0" development for the human capital of the industrial enterprise were arranged in this paper. Taking into consideration the limitations of the current approaches the attention was concentrate on such human capital elements, as: education (knowledge and skills), creative abilities, motivation, health, flexibility. The particularity of this investigation is connected with the correlations between the influences of the "Industry 4.0" development on all human capital elements of the industrial enterprise, potential impacts on the educational system, the employment in industry and the labour market. The main factors of the influences of the "Industry 4.0" development on the human capital of the industrial enterprise are such as: cyber physical systems implementation in manufacturing and its automation; work places computerization; implementation and development of advanced smart-technologies and informational systems; agile adaptability to the needs of customers; uprising the new risks for the health of the employees. Furthermore, the enterprise has to know all the answers for the market demand and the ecological situation. The main characteristics of the human capital in the age of "Industry 4.0" are increasing the importance of the creative workers and their motivation; taking into account the individual peculiarities; providing the mobility and flexibility of the employees, the content of job, working hours, places of work. The preservation of health is considered as the key to the working capacity. The human capital development should be made taking into account the influences on physical and mental health of the employees. Such hazards for the human capital of the industrial enterprise were summarized: confidential data losing, forthcoming the new risks for the health of the employees, workers’ creative abilities decreasing, "burnout", inappropriate motivation, etc. The consequences of the "Industry 4.0" development are creating "Education 4.0", remote work and outsourcing development, changing of the employment structure, the content of job, standards of health and safety at work. The prospects for overriding the risks and the consequences of changes should be identified taking into account the particularities of the country technological development, the demographic determinants, the indicators of the labour market, as well as the particular characteristics of the industrial enterprises. It was identified such main global trends against the risks of the "Industry 4.0", as: the flexible labour market development, increasing the efficiency of health and safety at work, STEM and STEAM employees training, commitment to improve the soft skills of workers, taking into consideration the particularities of the economic sectors, the level of the innovation development of the country and its human capital, investments in staff training, etc.

Modelling an impact of enterprises’ investment activity on the level of a region’s sustainable development using fuzzy logic apparatus

The social and economic component of regional development characterizes the processes that take place with the participation of all subjects of a regional economy, which are aimed at achieving economically feasible results while ensuring stable improvement of the level and quality of life of the population. Theoretical and practical issues related to the interconnection of interests, goals and objectives of the social and economic development of systems of different levels are of great importance. It should be noted that the "points of economic growth" in the region are enterprises located in its territory. The potential of their socio-economic development can be revealed through the synergy of interests of the region and enterprises. The mechanism for achieving this can be modeling an impact of enterprises’ investment activity on the sustainable development of the region. The urgency of enhancing enterprises’ investment activity in the region, in particular – in conditions of growing unsustainable market conditions, is obvious, as ensuring the efficiency of their operation and intensification of investment activity is one of the most important functions not only of each enterprise but also the region and the state in general. In industrial regions, the regional government is interested and ready to assist in the enterprises’ upgrading, as it directly faces a lot of problems associated with their low technological level. The use of outdated technologies, physical and moral depreciation of equipment invariably cause a low level of labor productivity, high costs of manufacturing, its low quality, which leads to a decrease in the competitiveness of enterprises in the region. Such enterprises have a negative impact on the environment. All this together affects the level and quality of life of the population, which is a key indicator of the effectiveness of regional authorities. Thus, it can be noted that in modern conditions the emphasis in the transition to investment and innovation development is naturally shifted to the level of regions. Ensuring balanced social and economic development of regions in dynamic conditions of structural and organizational transformations and uncertainty is an crucial, complex and multifaceted problem, for the effective solution of which it is necessary to use effective means of economic assessment of feasibility, effectiveness and risks of socio-economic transformations, as well as appropriate means of assessments and regulations, which should include tools for indicative management.

Modeling the process of horizontal coordination of decisions at enterprises based on a reflexive approach

The relevance of the study of the processes of coordination of decisions at enterprises by means of mathematical modeling of the corresponding processes has been substantiated in the paper. The concept of horizontal coordination of decisions at enterprises has been defined. The modeling of the process of horizontal coordination of decisions at an enterprise with the presence of a coordination center at a higher level than the one where the coordination takes place is considered. At the same time, two options for managing the process of coordinating decisions at enterprises with different goals of the coordination center are given. The first case assumes the achievement of the goal of managing a focal point, interested in obtaining reliable information from agents at the level of decision coordination with an employment of a non-manipulated direct mechanism. The second case assumes that the coordination center has a specific management goal in the process of horizontal coordination of decisions at the enterprise. Reflexive control in this case provides for the manipulation of obtaining the result of agreement, which will be as close as possible to a certain fixed value – the control goal of the coordination center. The use of the models of reflexive management of the process of horizontal coordination of decisions at the enterprise, which are given in the article, depends on the existing management goal of the coordination center. The use of appropriate models of horizontal coordination at management levels will help to increase the efficiency of collective decision-making processes at enterprises, which will improve the efficiency of their functioning. A promising direction of research has been defined – modeling the processes of coordinating decisions at different levels of management.

Economic and mathematical modeling of long-term development of national industry in the conditions of digitalization with the use of a production function

The article substantiates the expediency of modeling the development of national industry taking into account how the main interconnected key sectors of Ukrainian economy (not only processing and extractive industries, but also agriculture) are developing, as well as taking into account the factors that cause changes in this development over time. Based on previous researches, multiplicative production function has been chosen as the base for building the model, which was modified by taking into account the peculiarities of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the specifics of individual industries in Ukraine. The economic-mathematical model of long-term development of specified branches of economy of Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization was proposed, in which the value added in the branch is the dependent variable, and the classic components of production functions (labor and the capital) are the independent variables, as well as the new factor – digitalization, and factors, specific to individual industries (world food price index for agriculture and world raw material price index for the extractive industry). A specific feature of the model is also the use of correction factors that reflect the change in the return of factors over time and increase the accuracy of calculations. In addition, separate models have been developed to calculate each of the main factors, based on the dynamics of investments, taking into account the recursive influence of value added, propensity to invest, the condition of the world economy and other specific factors. The calculation of value added in agriculture, extractive and processing industries of Ukraine in 2010-2019 was performed using the model. The adequacy of the model was validated based on the results of its parameterization, which showed sufficient accuracy for the implementation on practice, as the average absolute error of approximation ranges from 2.94% to 4.14% depending on the industry, with abnormal 2014-2015 excluded from the calculations. The value of GDP in the country as a whole was calculated on the basis of the results of value added calculations by key industries. Taking into account the fact that the proposed set of models does not include all industries, a regression model was used to calculate GDP, to which value added for the identified key industries was used as factor. It is established that the proposed model is quite accurate and can be used to calculate the GDP of Ukraine on the basis of value added calculations in agriculture, extractive and processing industries. Given the prospects of practical use of the model for management decisions, the elasticity of the main driving factor (investments) of the development of individual industries was assessed for the main variables, which, in particular, showed that the exchange rate of hryvnia to the US dollar has a negative impact on investments, and the most pronounced – on investments in fixed assets of the processing industry. This questions the widespread idea that the devaluation of the hryvnia stimulates domestic production.

Ukrainian regulatory policy’s target priorities to ensure decent working conditions in a platform economy

The article explores and reveals the key trends in the system of social and labor relations related to the impact of digitalization and the platform economy. These include individualization, increased competitiveness, lack of personal connections and traditional work teams, one-time, short-term and informal relationships. These trends generate a number of challenges and threats to traditional mechanisms for implementing public policy in the social and labor sphere, which are based – at the core – on the fundamental inconsistency of the institutional framework for the functioning of traditional regulatory mechanisms in the field of labor and employment (which are focused on long-term formal employment and stable labor collectives) and the system of social and labor relations, which is formed by the platform economy (which is characterized by informality, short duration and individualization of social and labor relations that arise). That is, the platform economy does not create those subjects on which the traditional system of implementation of state policy in the social and labor sphere is based. The article reveals the essence of the main problems for the traditional regulatory mechanisms of state policy for the development of social and labor spheres that have emerged in the context of the spread of the platform economy. The main emphasis is on transformational changes in the system of social and labor relations; on the problems and opportunities for the formation of mechanisms for representing the collective interests of platform workers and employers; on the regulatory and legal uncertainty of the status and unregulated activities of labor platforms; on the "erosion" of jurisdiction on transnational labor platforms, etc. The main target priorities for ensuring balanced social and labor development in the conditions of platform economy spreading are substantiated. They are: updating the existing system of contractual and state regulation of the social and labor sphere; implementation of modern systems and mechanisms for representing the collective interests of platform workers and employers; implementation of the National Platform for Social Dialogue and Socially Responsible Partnership; ensuring a comprehensive regulatory framework for platforms, development and implementation of policies of state and contractual regulation for the harmonization of socio-economic, labor, digital, neo-industrial and sustainable development in modern conditions.

Personal income taxation in the human capital development incentive

The article substantiates the opportunities for stimulating the human capital development through personal income taxation in Ukraine. The need for constant investments in the human capital for improvement of its quality has been substantiated by conceptual provisions of the human capital theory and empiric researches of its influence on economic growth. The completed analysis of theoretical concepts and practical use of income taxes worldwide allows substantiating the fact that concept of a flat income taxation can be successfully used to promote the human capital development. However, the analysis of income tax systems abroad shows that separate taxation tools for personal income, including tax allowances for education, are more efficient. This is especially typical for developing countries. In estimating investments in the human capital in Ukraine, it is found out that the share of working population with high skills increases against the decreasing actual expenses for higher education. In a meantime, foreign countries demonstrate the other economically correct dependence: the qualification level increases as real expenses to gain it increase. The analysis of real national expenses in Ukraine for one student and in the country in general also demonstrate their decrease. This proves the presence of problems in Ukraine that relate to financing the system of higher education. The methods of economic and mathematical simulation by building and parametrizing a number of functions allowed to substantiate the influence of investments in human education on the increase of the highly skilled labor, which in turn leads to the GDP growth. A scientific and methodical approach has been developed, based on the algorithm that takes into account the influence of the highly skilled labor factor (considering expenses for gaining the qualification) on the GDP level. This approach allows estimating the effectiveness of expenses on tax allowances and expediency of their use to promote investments in higher education in Ukraine. The economic consequences of the human capital development incentive by introducing tax allowances in Ukraine have been estimated. It is established that if the state increases expenses for higher education by granting allowances, the share of working population with high skills increases, thereby causing the GDP to grow by means of increasing employment level. However, it has been found out that the expenses for tax allowances are reimbursed only in the case where investments in fixed assets increase and amount no less than 25 % of the GDP.

Anti-corruption compliance in labor relations in the lightof digitalization and achieving sustainable development: an economic and legal examination

In the process of achieving Sustainable Development Goals by Ukraine and building Industry 4.0 here, which is accompanied by a global digital transformation (digitalization) of all public spheres of activity, such a multifunctional and multidimensional phenomenon as corruption is now a serious threat to all public relations, among which labor relations are no exception. It causes a decrease in the level of labor productivity of active employers due to manifestations of stigma, mobbing, bullying, primarily in relation to employees who expose corruption, etc. The purpose of the study is to clarify the content of one of the main elements of compliance in labor relations – anti-corruption compliance – using a synergetic approach characterized by a combination of labor law and labor economics, as well as to highlight the problems of regulating these relations and develop proposals for improving the current anti-corruption legislation in the field of labor in the light of digitalization of Ukraine and achieving sustainable development herein. The object of the study is the labor relations to ensure and support anti-corruption compliance at enterprises and the system of anti-corruption legislation, including in the field of labor, in Ukraine and abroad, which regulates these relations. The main methodological approach to the study of the chosen topic is synergetic, characterized by a combination of labor law and labor economics. The results of the study in the most generalized form justify the lack of certainty and little investigation of the legal and economic nature of such categories as "compliance" and "anti-corruption compliance", which have not yet become generally accepted for the conceptual apparatus of labor economics and, to a greater extent, labor legislation. Based on the theory of labor legislation and labor economics, the article describes anti-corruption compliance in labor relations as a condition of labor and a condition of an employment contract. The problematic issues of the implementation and regulation of labor relations in the field of anti-corruption compliance are identified: a low level of positive perception of the implementation of anti-corruption compliance policy in labor relations by the management of active enterprises; the existence of negative stereotypes in relation to employees who expose corruption; the lack of a clear methodology for measuring the level of digitalization of state processes today, which hinders the study of the impact of digitalization on strengthening the anti-corruption fight. In order to solve these problematic issues, it is proposed to supplement section X "Labor discipline" of the Labor Code of Ukraine, which regulates the internal labor regulations at an enterprise, institution or organization, with norms on new labor rights and obligations of the parties to labor relations that are directly related to combating corruption.

Digital platformization of strategic management of Ukrainian economy

The aim of the study is to substantiate the role and capabilities of the national digital strategy platform in the institutionalization of the strategic management process in Ukraine. The organizational and structural logic of the study is based on the ascent from the abstract (digital economy as an uncontested target image of the future and strategic management as a universal tool for organizing economic activity) to the concrete (the state of digitalization and strategic management in Ukraine), as well as on the dialectical triad (thesis, antithesis, synthesis). As a thesis, a positive analysis is given and the historical conditionality (determinism) of the digitalization of the economy is substantiated. It shows its local efficiency at the entrepreneurial level, as well as the fundamental role of goal-setting and strategizing from the standpoint of economic theory. At the stage of antithesis, a number of contradictions were revealed: (1) between the historically conditioned nature of digital platformization within the framework of economic laws and the modern basis of digitalization in the form of credit expansion; (2) between the effectiveness of digitalization at the micro level and the absence of its positive impact on social and economic development at the national level; (3) between the weak, but growing, platform economy of Ukraine and the dominance of vertical integration of national business in traditional spheres, which lead to the existence of orders of limited access and extractive institutions; (4) between the digitalization of the “public sector”, on the one hand, and the business and consumer (household) sectors, on the other; (5) between a theoretically grounded model of the strategizing process and its current position in Ukraine; (6) between a higher level of digitalization of the control object and the predominantly pre-digital level of the control subject. At the stage of synthesis, the potential of partial removal of these contradictions by improving the process of strategizing the development of the Ukrainian economy and its institutionalization using the national digital platform of strategizing is justified. The requirements for the architecture of the national digital strategy platform are substantiated, its blocks, key users and their roles are determined.

Industrial ecosystem and revitalization of brownfields

The creation of climate-neutral industrial ecosystems based on digital leadership determines the movement of advanced countries towards competitiveness on the global stage. Industrial ecosystems of most regions of Ukraine are characterized by a low technological level of key industries and lack of organizational routines that can ensure their transition to a higher technological and resource-efficient level. The problem of forming a modern policy in the field of revitalization of abandoned areas of former industrial use (brownfields), in particular in the field of industrial waste processing, needs an urgent solution. The article is aimed at highlighting the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of creating a new industrial path through the revitalization of brownfields in underdeveloped industrial ecosystems on the example of old industrial mining regions. The paper proposes the use of a bricolage approach to create a new path of development of old industrial mining regions. This approach focuses not on the breakthrough development of the new industry, which is almost impossible in the conditions of insufficient development of industrial ecosystems, but on the gradual process of strategic cooperation of many participants (local and non-local enterprises, research institutes, local authorities, community, national and regional authorities, other stakeholders), coordination and pooling of resources at different levels, which will eventually have to evolve together, thus leading to a favorable institutional environment for the new industry. The establishment of an enterprises for the processing of coal preparation within the framework of the brownfield revitalization project is a kind of a kludge, the temporary adaptation of the community to the complex socio-economic and environmental situation, which is a consequence of the cessation of intensive coal mining, which will make it possible to create new routines of business behavior of institutions and citizens, the best of which in the process of evolutionary selection will be able to adapt to the new challenges of global technological transformations in industry and ecology. The practical implementation of the given approach is primarily represented in the creation of special institutions that are alternatives to the institutional traps of industrial development on the principles of the circular economy and relate to the introduction of more strict measures when implementing European waste management standards in national legislation and additional taxes that force enterprises to recycle waste; emergence of special enterprises (scavengers and decomposers) that use new effective disposal measures to restore and further use brownfields; creation of special community development corporations that promote economic development and environmental sustainability of the territory and ensure broad community participation in the creation of initiatives and decision-making; use of opportunities for Ukrainian integration in the field of innovation, science and education under the Association Agreement signed with the European Union in order to make effective decisions on the revitalization of brownfields.

Problems and the future of corporate income tax and VAT in the conditions of digitalization

Globalization and digitalization lead to significant changes in society and economy, including the field of taxation. Moreover, the efforts of governments of many countries are aimed at implementing measures to combat profit shifting and ensure that budget revenues from corporate income tax and VAT are received in the proper amount. The article analyses main problems of corporate income tax and VAT, possible ways to solve them in near and distant perspectives. With regard to respective taxes, the main aspects of combating tax base erosion and tax evasion with the use of new digital methods, and the state of BEPS steps implementation in this part are analysed. Given that the corporate income tax in modern conditions has a number of disadvantages, it is likely that in the future it will be replaced by an alternative – a tax on withdrawn capital or a tax on cash flows at destination. VAT, in turn, is a neutral tax that is easy to algorithmize and administer. Therefore, it can also displace corporate income tax from the tax systems of countries. At the same time, there are a number of problems with VAT: cases of fraud, non-taxation or double taxation of transactions in international trade. It has been found that in the short run (up to 5 years) it is important for national governments to increase efforts to implement BEPS plan and to strengthen information exchange and international cooperation to counteract base erosion and profit shifting. To simplify VAT administration and improve the interaction between taxpayers and tax authorities within the same country, as well as in international trade, it is feasible to use the e-invoicing practice more widely. In distant perspective, it is possible to use blockchain technology. Taking into account global trends, the article provides recommendations for improving VAT and corporate income tax in the context of globalization and digitalization (in particular – further implementation of BEPS measures in all countries of the world, mandatory registration as VAT payers in jurisdictions, where sells of goods and services to end users take place, strengthening international coordination and cooperation in the field of taxation), as well as general recommendations that should contribute to digitalization and economic development of Ukraine in the near and distant future.