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Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
German Sternharz ◽  
Jonas Skackauskas ◽  
Ayman Elhalwagy ◽  
Anthony J. Grichnik ◽  
Tatiana Kalganova ◽  
...  

This paper introduces a procedure to compare the functional behaviour of individual units of electronic hardware of the same type. The primary use case for this method is to estimate the functional integrity of an unknown device unit based on the behaviour of a known and proven reference unit. This method is based on the so-called virtual sensor network (VSN) approach, where the output quantity of a physical sensor measurement is replicated by a virtual model output. In the present study, this approach is extended to model the functional behaviour of electronic hardware by a neural network (NN) with Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) layers to encapsulate potential time-dependence of the signals. The proposed method is illustrated and validated on measurements from a remote-controlled drone, which is operated with two variants of controller hardware: a reference controller unit and a malfunctioning counterpart. It is demonstrated that the presented approach successfully identifies and describes the unexpected behaviour of the test device. In the presented case study, the model outputs a signal sample prediction in 0.14 ms and achieves a reconstruction accuracy of the validation data with a root mean square error (RMSE) below 0.04 relative to the data range. In addition, three self-protection features (multidimensional boundary-check, Mahalanobis distance, auxiliary autoencoder NN) are introduced to gauge the certainty of the VSN model output.


Author(s):  
Daniel Maas ◽  
Renan Sebem ◽  
André Bittencourt Leal

This work presents a multilayer architecture for fault diagnosis in embedded systems based on formal modeling of Discrete Event Systems (DES). Most works on diagnosis of DES focus in faults of actuators, which are the devices subject to intensive wear in industry. However, embedded systems are commonly subject to cost reduction, which may increase the probability of faults in the electronic hardware. Further, software faults are hard to track and fix, and the common solution is to replace the whole electronic board. We propose a modeling approach which includes the isolation of the source of the fault in the model, regarding three layers of embedded systems: software, hardware, and sensors & actuators. The proposed method is applied to a home appliance refrigerator and after exhaustive practical tests with forced fault occurrences, all faults were diagnosed, precisely identifying the layer and the faulty component. The solution was then incorporated into the product manufactured in industrial scale.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Deepa ◽  
Amala Nihila.A ◽  
Prabhavathi.J ◽  
Meenatchi.M ◽  
Varsha.M.J

This project describes a supermarket automation trolley based on an RFID reader. The trolley is equipped with an RFID reader and an electronic hardware system to make the transaction more convenient. The RFID card, whose price is set into the reader, is used to correct those items that are above a certain number. The value of the item is added to the sales bill and shown on the LCD monitor when the item is shown in front of the reader. The trolley car is programmed in such some way that it’ll move consistent with the user command. It additionally has the supply for removing the things from the trolley car wherever price is aloof from the overall cost. The user can view their bill through IOT along with the number of items purchased and total bill amount. The user can also pay the bill using his card provided and the system will give an alert if the total amount exceeds the amount in the card. The system will also suggest the user whether the purchased product is suitable for their health condition or not through IOT app provided to the user.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lance Molyneaux

<p>Despite increased safety and improved technology in the mining industry, fatal disasters still occur. Robots have the potential to be an invaluable resource for search and rescue teams to scout dangerous or difficult situations. Existing underground mine search and rescue robots have demonstrated limited success. Identified through literature, the two primary concerns are unreliable locomotion systems and a lack of underground mine environment consideration. HADES, an underground mine disaster scout, addresses these issues with a unique chassis and novel locomotion.  A system level design is carried out, addressing the difficulties of underground mine environments. To operate in an explosive atmosphere, a purge and pressurisation system is applied to a fibre glass chassis, with intrinsic safety incorporated into the sensor design. To prevent dust, dirt and water damaging the electronics, ingress protection is applied through sealing. The chassis is invertible, with a low centre of gravity and a roll-axis pivot. This chassis design, in combination with spoked-wheels allows traversal of the debris and rubble of a disaster site. Electrochemical gas sensors are incorporated, along with RGB-D cameras, two-way audio and various other environment sensors. A communication system combining a tether and mesh network is designed, with wireless nodes to increase wireless range and reliability. Electronic hardware and software control are implemented to produce an operational scout robot.  HADES is 0.7 × 0.6 × 0.4 m, with a sealed IP65 chassis. The locomotion system is robust and effective, able to traverse most debris and rubble, as tested on the university grounds and at a clean landfill. Bottoming out is the only problem encountered, but can be avoided by approaching obstacles correctly. The motor drive system is able to drive HADES at walking speed (1.4 m/s) and it provides more torque than traction allows. Six Lithium-Polymer batteries enable 2 hours 28 minutes of continuous operation. At 20 kg and ~$7000, HADES is a portable, inexpensive scout robot for underground mine disasters.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lance Molyneaux

<p>Despite increased safety and improved technology in the mining industry, fatal disasters still occur. Robots have the potential to be an invaluable resource for search and rescue teams to scout dangerous or difficult situations. Existing underground mine search and rescue robots have demonstrated limited success. Identified through literature, the two primary concerns are unreliable locomotion systems and a lack of underground mine environment consideration. HADES, an underground mine disaster scout, addresses these issues with a unique chassis and novel locomotion.  A system level design is carried out, addressing the difficulties of underground mine environments. To operate in an explosive atmosphere, a purge and pressurisation system is applied to a fibre glass chassis, with intrinsic safety incorporated into the sensor design. To prevent dust, dirt and water damaging the electronics, ingress protection is applied through sealing. The chassis is invertible, with a low centre of gravity and a roll-axis pivot. This chassis design, in combination with spoked-wheels allows traversal of the debris and rubble of a disaster site. Electrochemical gas sensors are incorporated, along with RGB-D cameras, two-way audio and various other environment sensors. A communication system combining a tether and mesh network is designed, with wireless nodes to increase wireless range and reliability. Electronic hardware and software control are implemented to produce an operational scout robot.  HADES is 0.7 × 0.6 × 0.4 m, with a sealed IP65 chassis. The locomotion system is robust and effective, able to traverse most debris and rubble, as tested on the university grounds and at a clean landfill. Bottoming out is the only problem encountered, but can be avoided by approaching obstacles correctly. The motor drive system is able to drive HADES at walking speed (1.4 m/s) and it provides more torque than traction allows. Six Lithium-Polymer batteries enable 2 hours 28 minutes of continuous operation. At 20 kg and ~$7000, HADES is a portable, inexpensive scout robot for underground mine disasters.</p>


Author(s):  
Abd Gani S. F. ◽  
◽  
Miskon M. F ◽  
Hamzah R. A ◽  
Mohamood N ◽  
...  

Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) combines electronic hardware and complex computer vision software algorithms to recognize the characters on vehicle license plate numbers. Many researchers have proposed and implemented ANPR for various applications such as law enforcement and security, access control, border access, tracking stolen vehicles, tracking traffic violations, and parking management system. This paper discusses a live-video ANPR system using CNN developed on an Android smartphone embedded with a camera with limited resolution and limited processing power based on Malaysian license plate standards. In terms of system performance, in an ideal outdoor environment with good lighting and direct or slightly skewed camera angle, the recognition works perfectly with a computational time of 0.635 seconds. However, this performance is affected by poor lighting, extremely skewed angle of license plates, and fast vehicle movement.


Neuroforum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Rinklin ◽  
Bernhard Wolfrum

Abstract Neuroscientific discoveries and the development of recording and stimulation tools are deeply connected. Over the past decades, the progress in seamlessly integrating such tools in the form of neuroelectronic devices has been tremendous. Here, we review recent advances and key aspects of this goal. Firstly, we illustrate improvements with respect to the coupling between cells/tissue and recording/stimulation electrodes. Thereafter, we cover attempts to mitigate the foreign body response by reducing the devices’ invasiveness. We follow up with a description of specialized electronic hardware aimed at the needs of bioelectronic applications. Lastly, we outline how additional modalities such as optical techniques or ultrasound could in the future be integrated into neuroelectronic implants.


Author(s):  
Ragmi Mustafa ◽  
Basri Ahmedi ◽  
Kujtim Mustafa

The main purpose of this paper is to describe how the construction of the project was carried out, which controls the entries and exits in the parking lot of vehicles "SMART PARKING" at the Public University "Kadri Zeka" in Gjilan, in the Republic of Kosovo. In fact, this paper deals with the digitalization of vehicle parking lots. This project uses hardware and software components for its realization. Hardware components operate according to software instructions executed according to a working program code within a closed and endless programming cycle. This automatic form of operation of a digital car park not only regulates the traffic inside the car park but also satisfies the drivers of the vehicles with information given in a display or monitor. The information refers to vacancies in the parking lot and informs the driver of the vehicle about whether or not he can park his vehicle by allowing or not allowing the opening of the barrier. On the other hand the system becomes even more sophisticated when at the entrance of the smart parking lot is placed the key for searching for the opening of the barrier which may not open if there are no free parking spaces. All of this is controlled by software written in the C ++ programming language, of course within the Arduino UNO programming environment. Therefore, the electronic-hardware devices used in this paper/project are directed by the relevant software placed in the memory of the microcontroller in the system "Smart Parking”. The reason for building this automatic vehicle parking system is to control and prevent the attempted parking of vehicles that would seriously impede the exit of previously parked vehicles in the parking lot of the Public University "Kadri Zeka" in the city of Gjilan, Republic of Kosovo.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Krause ◽  
Joanne J. A. van Bavel ◽  
Chenxi Wu ◽  
Marc A. Vos ◽  
Alain Nogaret ◽  
...  

AbstractNeural coupled oscillators are a useful building block in numerous models and applications. They were analyzed extensively in theoretical studies and more recently in biologically realistic simulations of spiking neural networks. The advent of mixed-signal analog/digital neuromorphic electronic circuits provides new means for implementing neural coupled oscillators on compact, low-power, spiking neural network hardware platforms. However, their implementation on this noisy, low-precision and inhomogeneous computing substrate raises new challenges with regards to stability and controllability. In this work, we present a robust, spiking neural network model of neural coupled oscillators and validate it with an implementation on a mixed-signal neuromorphic processor. We demonstrate its robustness showing how to reliably control and modulate the oscillator’s frequency and phase shift, despite the variability of the silicon synapse and neuron properties. We show how this ultra-low power neural processing system can be used to build an adaptive cardiac pacemaker modulating the heart rate with respect to the respiration phases and compare it with surface ECG and respiratory signal recordings from dogs at rest. The implementation of our model in neuromorphic electronic hardware shows its robustness on a highly variable substrate and extends the toolbox for applications requiring rhythmic outputs such as pacemakers.


Author(s):  
Falohun Adeleye Samuel ◽  
Adegbola Oluwole Abiodun ◽  
Adedeji Oluyinka Titilayo ◽  
Makinde Bukola Oyeladun ◽  
Taiwo Olayinka David ◽  
...  

Home security is extremely important, and several methods of security have been improved, such as the usage of alarms, monitoring systems, and the interplay of electronic hardware, software, and other factors. Keys can be misplaced and found by others, putting the guarded structure at risk; keys can also be fabricated or stolen. This project entails creating a voice message-based door access system that can both open the door and identify intruders, trespassers, criminals, or any other type of illegal behaviour. The speech-controlled door was meant to generate a voice message based on the input data and was developed around a microcontroller (ATmega328p). A speech recognition module is used to allow the owner or user entry to the door. To gain access to the door, the owner must first utter the specific speech or key word required to open it. A voice notification is then outputted through the associated speaker if the pronounced word does not match the speech recognized by the microcontroller. To signify that access is refused, a red-light emitting diode will flash. The microprocessor would activate a relay and current will flow through the latch, allowing the door to be unlocked, if the uttered speech matches. A speech recognition module is used to allow the owner or user entry to the door. To gain access to the door, the owner must first utter the specific speech or key word required to open it. A voice notification is then outputted through the associated speaker if the pronounced word does not match the speech recognized by the microcontroller. To signify that access is refused, a red light emitting diode will flash. The microprocessor will activate a relay and current will flow through the latch, allowing the door to be unlocked, if the uttered speech matches.


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