Demand for Meat in Indonesia: Censored AIDS Model

This study estimates the demand for meat in Indonesian urban households encompassing beef, goat, broiler chicken, and native chicken. We estimate the demand for meat using cross-sectional data from the 2013 Indonesian Socio-Economic Household Survey data, which records food expenditure for a week before the survey. Because of some zero expenditure, the Censored Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) using the consistent two-step estimation is applied. The estimated own-price elasticities indicate that all meat products are price-inelastic. Nonetheless, broiler chicken is the most responsive meat product while goat is the least responsive meat product to price changes. All meat products are normal good referring to the estimated income elasticities. However, Native chicken is the most responsive and goat is the most unresponsive to the income change. The estimated cross-price elasticities conclude that broiler chicken and beef are substitute goods. The policy simulation indicates that beef is a meat product that is unresponsive to price and income changes. Native chicken is the most responsive meat product to price and income change, followed by broiler chicken.

Association Between Visual Impairment and Income Change: A Longitudinal Follow-up Study With a National Health Screening Cohort

We evaluated the influence of visual impairment (VI) on income change using the longitudinal database of a Korean National Health Insurance Service cohort. A total of 5,292 participants ≥ 40 years old and registered as visually impaired persons were selected at a 1:4 ratio with 45,081 controls matched for age, sex, and income level. The income level of both the VI and control groups increased over time. In the VI group, the income levels 3, 4 and 5 years were higher than the initial value, while the income levels from 1 through 5 years were increased each year in the control group. The rate of change in income between time and VI were significant. In the subgroup analysis considering age, sex, and severity of VI, the rate of change in income were significant in < 65 years old subgroups. Regarding the severity of VI, a significant interaction was found for the mild-to-moderate VI subgroup. Although both the VI and control groups showed increased income levels over 5 years, the degree of income increase in the VI group was relatively lower than that in the control group. This finding was prominent in the middle-age subgroup. These results strongly suggested that VI induced an income inequality.

Social Capital, Income Loss, and Psychobehavioral Responses amid COVID-19: A Population-Based Analysis

This study examined the associations of perceived social capital and income change since the outbreak with probable depression and preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong. Random digit dialing recruited a population-representative sample of 3011 Hong Kong Chinese aged ≥ 15 years (mean = 44, 55% females) between February 25 and April 29 2020. Respondents reported social capital (perceived interpersonal trust, social harmony, and sense of belonging), income change since the outbreak (loss vs. gain/no change), depressive symptoms, preventive behaviors, and demographics. Controlling for sociodemographics, lack of perceived interpersonal trust was associated with probable depression and avoiding contact with people with respiratory symptoms. Lack of perceived sense of belonging was associated with probable depression and decreased odds of adopting preventive behaviors. Lack of perceived social harmony was associated with probable depression and increased odds of used face masks among respondents with income loss only. Our results suggest that social capital is related to lower risk of depression and to higher chance of used face masks particularly among those experiencing income loss related to COVID-19. Prevention of mental health problems and promotion of effective preventive behaviors could be implemented by focusing on support for those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged.

Impact of Micro-Finance on Income Change of Women in Chandragiri Municipality

This study aims to analyze the impact of micro-finance in income change of members of Women Co-operative Society (WCS). The study is based on both primary and secondary data. For this, 112 WCS' women of Thankot Branch were taken as population and among them 56 loan borrower members were randomly selected as sample of the study. The primary data were collected through a setoff questionnaire. Secondary data were collected from the documents of WCS, Central Bureau of Statistics, Finance Ministry, the Government of Nepal. Different research reports, books and journals were also consulted as sources of secondary data. The collected data were analyzed by presenting them on tables and interpreted through percentage. The findings of the study show that the average monthly income of borrowers has increased by 31.14 percent after intervention of micro finance programme. Similarly, the average monthly income of the households has increased by 9.43 percent (21.71 percent difference between borrowers and households). All these show that WCS micro-finance program has contributed to the change in economic status of women by increasing their income.

The Influence of Income on the Consumption Expenditures

The contribution aims to identify the influence of income on Slovak household expenditures. Analyses are querying from the household income and expenditures data in the Slovak Republic during the period 2004–2018. The data source is the Statistical Office of The Slovak Republic. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis are used. The analysis of the goods and services expenditures reveals the major share of the expenditures is expended for the non-durable goods. The non-durable goods expenditures of the pensioners are 72% of their total consumption expenditures. Expenditures of employees, self-employees and other households for the non-durable goods present more than a half of their total expenditures. The share of services expenditures is also considerable. It is varying above 30% for all households kinds. The income influence on the household expenditures is analyzed using Engel’s expenditures functions which are used as the basis for the income elasticities of household expenditures. The analysis results are pointing to the fact that the less elastic on the income change is the reaction of the Slovak household expenditures on non-durable goods. A significant reaction on the income change is observed in household durable goods expenditures.