Music

2The defining feature of music as a cognitive function is tonality (scale structure), since rhythmic structure is a shared feature with dance and poetry. In this chapter, the author develops a 4T (tonality/timing/texture/text) model of music, which views music as a suite of coordinative features in which rhythm provides time slots for interpersonal coordination and scale structure provides pitch slots for coordination. An important topic for the study of music’s evolution is its connection with both speech and language. Music and speech share a significant number of prosodic properties. However, a unique feature of music that is not found in speech is the process by which scale types are able to convey emotional meanings. Such scale/emotion associations allow music to modulate the interpretive meaning of narrative artforms, such as film, dance, and written texts (i.e. songs).

Dynamic Object Detection Algorithm Based on Lightweight Shared Feature Pyramid

Current object detection algorithms perform inference on all samples at a fixed computational cost in the inference stage, which wastes computing resources and is not flexible. To solve this problem, a dynamic object detection algorithm based on a lightweight shared feature pyramid is proposed, which performs adaptive inference according to computing resources and the difficulty of samples, greatly improving the efficiency of inference. Specifically, a lightweight shared feature pyramid network and lightweight detection head is proposed to reduce the amount of computation and parameters in the feature fusion part and detection head of the dynamic object detection model. On the PASCAL VOC dataset, under the two conditions of “anytime prediction” and “budgeted batch object detection”, the performance, computation amount and parameter amount are better than the dynamic object detection models constructed by networks such as ResNet, DenseNet and MSDNet.

Multi-Task Learning for Sentiment Analysis with Hard-Sharing and Task Recognition Mechanisms

In the era of big data, multi-task learning has become one of the crucial technologies for sentiment analysis and classification. Most of the existing multi-task learning models for sentiment analysis are developed based on the soft-sharing mechanism that has less interference between different tasks than the hard-sharing mechanism. However, there are also fewer essential features that the model can extract with the soft-sharing method, resulting in unsatisfactory classification performance. In this paper, we propose a multi-task learning framework based on a hard-sharing mechanism for sentiment analysis in various fields. The hard-sharing mechanism is achieved by a shared layer to build the interrelationship among multiple tasks. Then, we design a task recognition mechanism to reduce the interference of the hard-shared feature space and also to enhance the correlation between multiple tasks. Experiments on two real-world sentiment classification datasets show that our approach achieves the best results and improves the classification accuracy over the existing methods significantly. The task recognition training process enables a unique representation of the features of different tasks in the shared feature space, providing a new solution reducing interference in the shared feature space for sentiment analysis.

Intersubjective Gravity and Entanglement

Although quantum theory and relativity are two of the monumental achievements in modern physics, their exact relationship remains somewhat uncertain. Indeed, while the nature of quantum theory is subjective at the fundamental level, relativity involves a rule that is invariant under observers’ different reference frames. This paper argues that quantum theory and relativity are connected in such a way that Alice’s and Bob’s choices of coordinate bases, which correspond to the apparatus outcome in quantum measurement, are related to Einstein’s field equation. That is, the phenomenon of gravity corresponds to a commonality among observers, thereby involving an intersubjective aspect, rather than being objective. This shared feature of intersubjectivity is also discussed in terms of entanglement and locality.

A Nietzschean-Type Perspectivism: Derrida’s Reading of Heidegger’s Thesis on the Animal

On the occasion of the publication of Derrida’s unedited seminar Geschlecht III: Sex, Race, Nation, Humanity (1984–5, 2018), which includes significant pages on Heidegger’s discourse on animality, this article proposes reopening the dossier that the French philosopher had dedicated to that discourse throughout his work. It aims to elaborate an overall interpretation of this dossier in the light of the grammatological account of the living, which, at the moment of sketching his intellectual biography, Derrida himself acknowledges as the shared feature of his work. In particular, the article takes into examination the readings of Heidegger’s thesis that “the animal is poor in world” which Derrida had offered since Of Spirit: Heidegger and The Question (1987). As the examination develops, it is shown that Derrida’s critical reelaboration of Heidegger’s discourse is shaped as a Nietzschean-type perspectivism.

(Non-volitional) Action

This chapter considers the action-event distinction. In particular, it pursues another way of thinking about the relationship between volitional action and non-volitional ‘action’. Rather than analysing what divides them, it looks at what they have in common: what separates the both of them from mere events. Doing so has the virtue of focusing attention more directly on what—besides non-involuntariness—underpins moral responsibility for a piece of behaviour and its consequences. Plausibly, one shared feature is that the agent’s behaviour involves the exercise of certain capacities that sub-serve intentional action: capacities that are normally exercised when one acts intentionally. It is the exercise of those capacities that changes behaviour from event to action, even when the behaviour is not volitional. The chapter also discusses causal accounts of agency.

Formulae, Wordplay, Verses and More: Where Humor Research Meets Phraseology

This paper aims to examine the meeting points between phraseology and humor research, focusing on the role and the functions of fixed phrases in humor discourse. The examples to illustrate certain aspects of usage of fixed phrases for joke purposes are taken mainly from social media such as Facebook and Twitter and include jokes in English, German, Lithuanian, Russian, and Polish. In the course of the investigation, a distinction ought to be made between set phrases (idioms in the narrower sense of the term, proverbs, catch phrases etc.) and fixed phrases in general. Set phrases (phrasemes) have an “added value” regarding their meaning – be it a figurative element, be it ready-made reasoning or behavioral models in short form in the case of adages. In humor discourse idioms – and proverbs – are used mainly for wordplay, in which both the literal and the idiomatic meaning are activated. The wordplay can happen also in verse form. Adages can be transformed or twisted resulting in new parodistic or funny sayings. Fixed phrases outside of the phraseology can be separated into two groups: phrases typical for a particular discourse type and joke frame related phrases. The former, as means to evoke a certain frame, are used in parodistic jokes (e.g., the phrase ladies if he evokes the dating tips frame). The latter constitute a distinct class of fixed phrases which can be found only in the humor discourse: these phrases act as joke formulae und provide a basis for bigger or smaller joke categories. Certain phrases in this group, such as checks notes or nothing like deserve a mention as irony markers with a distinctive evaluative character. The shared feature of all these idiomatic and non-idiomatic phrases is that they are well-known, re-occur in the language and, in that respect, can considered belonging to the sphere of interests of phraseology. Regarding the main functions of fixed phrases in the humor discourse, they can contribute to the social play, provide the cues to switch to a nonserious humor mindset or express evaluation – from mild mockery to aggressive ridicule.