Entanglement of General Two-Qubit States in a Realistic Framework

In the present paper, we examine the quantum entanglement for more general states of two-qubit system in the context of spin coherent states (SCSs). We consider the concurrence as a quantifier of entanglement and express it in terms of SCSs. We determine new set of maximally entangled conditions that provide the maximal amount of entanglement for certain values of the amplitudes of SCSs for the case of pure states. Finally, we examine the entanglement of a class of mixed states of the two qubits and provide the range in which the entanglement value is maximal with respect to the values of the amplitudes of SCSs.

Comparison of the surgically assisted orthodontic rehabilitation techniques of patients with transversal maxillary defficiency

The article considers comparison of the outcomes of surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion with the use of tooth-borne and bone-borne expansion appliances in patients with transversal maxillary deficiency. 76 computed tomography scans of 38 patients (24 with bone-borne anchorage, 14 with tooth-borne ones) were studied. Examination of the expansion was performed before the treatment onset and after the activation of the screw of the distraction apparatus. Expansion was evaluated in the areas of canines, premolars and first molars. The maximal amount of the vestibular tooth crown inclination was revealed in premolars with tooth-borne appliances. The use of bone-borne appliances allows to achieve the greatest effect of tooth body shift in a vestibular direction.

Pure States of Maximum Uncertainty with Respect to a Given POVM

One of the differences between classical and quantum world is that in the former we can always perform a measurement that gives certain outcomes for all pure states, while such a situation is not possible in the latter one. The degree of randomness of the distribution of the measurement outcomes can be quantified by the Shannon entropy. While it is well known that this entropy, as a function of quantum states, needs to be minimized by some pure states, we would like to address the question how ‘badly’ can we end by choosing initially any pure state, i.e., which pure states produce the maximal amount of uncertainty under given measurement. We find these maximizers for all highly symmetric POVMs in dimension 2, and for all SIC-POVMs in any dimension.

Biochar of distillers’ grains anaerobic digestion residue: Influence of pyrolysis conditions on its characteristics and ammonium adsorptive optimization

To promote the sustainable development of the liquor/ethanol industry and environment protection, alternative ways to dispose of anaerobic digestion residue (ADR) are urgently required. This research aims at studying the effects of different residence times (RTs) (30, 60 and 120 min) and heating rates (HR) (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0°C min-1) under 700°C on characteristics of ADR biochar as well as the optimization of ammonium (NH4+) adsorption. Results showed that, with the increasing RT and HR, the aromaticity as well as the content of fixed carbon and elemental carbon of ADR biochar increased, but the pyrolysis yield, volatile matter content, elemental hydrogen, oxygen and polarity decreased. Biochar prepared at 60 min and 5.0°C min-1 under 700°C presented the best development of orderly and honeycomb shape structures, highest specific surface area and maximal amount of NH4+ adsorption (3.15 mg N g-1). The multilayer heterogeneous adsorption process dominated the NH4+ adsorption behaviour. And the maximal amount of NH4+ adsorption was achieved with 4 g biochar L-1 at pH 11.0 along with the order of the competitive effect of K+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+. Furthermore, NH4+ adsorption was exothermic. Thus, the present study demonstrated that ADR biochar has potential to adsorb NH4+ from NH4+ polluted water to meet environmental standards.

Efficiency of bacterial fertilizers in peas agrocoenosis under the conditions of the northeastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Peas (Pisum sativum L.) is an appreciable annual leguminous crop which can solve the problem of phytoalbumin, improve nitrogen balance of soil and increase the production of food products. The important role in cultivation method of leguminous crops, pea in particular, plays the realization of productive potential due to energy-saving techniques, namely seed inoculation. One of the ways to supply pea agrocoenosis with beneficial microflora is the use of bacterial fertilizers which can supply the plants with essential complex of microorganisms, good nutrition and as a result it can help to realize its genetic potential as for yielding capacity and protein content. The aim of the research is to define the influence of bacterial fertilizers on pea productivity by different level of mineral nutrition. The researches have been conducted on the base of educational and scientific centre of Sumy National Agrarian University according to generally accepted methods during 2015–2017. The research variants were the following: without inoculation by bacterial fertilizer and with seed treatment with Rhyzohumin and Polymyxobakteryn. Inoculation of peas seed was conducted according to the method of the Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and Agro-Industrial Production of NAAS (Chernihiv). On the control the seed inoculation has not been done. The backgrounds of mineral nutrition were P60K60 and N60P60K60. The application of bacterial fertilizers which contain new, highly effective, culturally specific variety of rhizobial bacteria with the increased viability in high concentrations ensures the development of maximal amount of tubers on root system of plants. The highest efficiency in forming symbiotic apparatus and intensity of its activity was stipulated by combination of presowing seed inoculation with Rhezohumin and application of phosphate-potassium fertilizers in the doze of P60K60. The maximal amount and weight of nodules was 50.3 unit per plant and 2.06 g per plant. The level of peas yielding capacity is defined by individual plant productivity which is multiplied by its amount and characterizes the cro productivity under the certain conditions of growing. It was determined that the combination of seed inoculation by bacterial fertilizers through using of nitrogen fixing (Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 31) and phosphorus mobilizing (Bacillus polymyxa KB) bacteria and mineral fertilizers favours to raising of peas productivity under the conditions North-East Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. The most effective result was obtained in the variant with peas seed inoculation by Rhyzohumin and application of mineral fertilizer in the doze N60P60K60 (yield has increased on 33.7 % comparing with the control).

Anti-unification in Constraint Logic Programming

Anti-unification refers to the process of generalizing two (or more) goals into a single, more general, goal that captures some of the structure that is common to all initial goals. In general one is typically interested in computing what is often called a most specific generalization, that is a generalization that captures a maximal amount of shared structure. In this work we address the problem of anti-unification in CLP, where goals can be seen as unordered sets of atoms and/or constraints. We show that while the concept of a most specific generalization can easily be defined in this context, computing it becomes an NP-complete problem. We subsequently introduce a generalization algorithm that computes a well-defined abstraction whose computation can be bound to a polynomial execution time. Initial experiments show that even a naive implementation of our algorithm produces acceptable generalizations in an efficient way.

A novel electrochemical analysis of the legal psychoactive drug caffeine using a zeolite/MWCNT modified carbon paste sensor

Caffeine (Caf) is a natural central nervous system stimulant categorized by the US Food and Drug Administration as a safe drug and its maximal amount in soft drinks has been approximately determined to be lower than 200 mg L−1.

Интеркалирование молекул фуллеренa С-=SUB=-60-=/SUB=- под однослойный графен на карбиде молибдена

It is shown that heating of a fullerite film several monomolecular layers thick deposited onto single-layer graphene formed on a substrate of molybdenum carbide Mo_2C at T = 700–800 K leads to the intercalation of C_60 molecules under the graphene layer. The direct deposition of C_60 molecules at T = 650 K also leads to the intercalation of C_60 molecules under graphene; the maximal amount of fullerene accumulated under graphene is one single layer.

Arendt and the Pilgrims

Although Arendt rejects all manifestations of what she calls “the absolute,” the way that theology trumps politics, she yet overlooks the theological basis of one of her most cherished models of political origins, the story of the Mayflower Compact. Arendt sees the Mayflower Compact as affording a basis for a community that is joined only through mutual promising, allowing a maximal amount of individualism and struggle within a collectively determined entity. Yet she downplays the role that theology serves in supporting this compact. In overlooking the connection between the Pilgrim’s ideology and Rousseau’s concept of the general will which has its own Calvinist origins, Arendt evinces a tendency to forgive a basis for politics in America which she vehemently rejects in the European context. Insofar as liberalism is itself redolent of this Calvinist form of pseudo-individualism, Arendt demonstrates an alternative model even as it remains tangled with its theological origins.

Changes in light absorption by the chloroplast, related to its structural transformations

The changes in light absorption of single chloroplasts and one layer of chloroplasts related to their structural transformations were considered. Theoretical calculations of light absorption (E_A) and transmission (E_T) as well as for the mean intensity of absorption (I_A) for the ellipsoid of revolution were given by the formulas 3,2 and l respectively. It was shown that the true shape of <i>Funaria</i> chloroplasts can be considered as ellipsoid of revolution. From the four conformational states of chloroplasts the most flattened one (corresponding to the low intensity of illumination) absorbs maximal amount of light energy. For the one layer of chloroplasts the changes in light absorption connected with structural transformations were estimated as ca. 4%.