A Novel Approach to Predicting Combustion Emission Using Ambient Air Quality Parameters in Onshore Eastern Nigeria

The paper aims to estimate the tCO2e from flare stack sites in the Eastern zone of Nigeria and review air monitoring done at the flare sites with the objective of establishing a model for gas tCO2e emission and gaseous pollutants. It focuses on the South-Eastern region of Nigeria where oil and gas production are being carried out (Imo and Abia states). It zero-in on the hydrocarbon processing and handling facilities (flowstation) and the gas flared volumes. The study was carried out using representative data from an onshore flowstation in Eastern Nigeria. The data consist of gas flared volumes from year 2013-2017 and ambient gaseous emission from air quality report done on the same location. Univariate regression and correlation using Excel were carried out on yearly average ambient air quality parameters (VOC, NOx, CO, SOx, CH4, SPM, NH3, H2S) to check the statistical significance of each parameter as an independent variable and calculated tCO2e as the dependent variable. Excel Muti-variate linear regression method was then used to generate a predictive model for tCO2e and gaseous emission parameters. It presented a relationship between the emission from flared gas and air quality index.

Optimising storage conditions and processing of sheep urine for nitrogen cycle and gaseous emission measurements from urine patches

In grazing systems, urine patches deposited by livestock are hotspots of nutrient cycling and the most important source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Studies of the effects of urine deposition, including, for example, the determination of country-specific N2O emission factors, require natural urine for use in experiments and face challenges obtaining urine of the same composition, but of differing concentrations. Yet, few studies have explored the importance of storage conditions and processing of ruminant urine for use in subsequent gaseous emission experiments. We conducted three experiments with sheep urine to determine optimal storage conditions and whether partial freeze-drying could be used to concentrate the urine, while maintaining the constituent profile and the subsequent urine-derived gaseous emission response once applied to soil. We concluded that filtering of urine prior to storage, and storage at − 20 °C best maintains the nitrogen-containing constituent profile of sheep urine samples. In addition, based on the 14 urine chemical components determined in this study, partial lyophilisation of sheep urine to a concentrate represents a suitable approach to maintain the constituent profile at a higher overall concentration and does not alter sheep urine-derived soil gaseous emissions.

Gaseous Emission from the Combustion of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) from the Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) in Nigeria

Objectives : This study characterizes the gaseous emission from the combustion of PMS of different volumes from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company.Methods : The E8500 plus combustion analyzer was used for gaseous emission characterization of different volumes. Oxygen (O2), Hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Oxides of Nitrogen NOx (NO, NO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) were measured using the analyzer. The values were recorded and the descriptive statistics graph was plotted.Results and Discussion : The concentrations for the gaseous emission from the combustion of PMS were 69.85 mg/m3 HC, 117.33 mg/m3 CO, 334 mg/m3 NOx for 10 ml, 58.93 mg/m3 HC, 130.33 mg/m3 CO, 784.33 mg/m3 NOx for 20 ml, 50.20 mg/m3 HC, 84.00 mg/m3 CO, 798.67 mg/m3 NOx for 30 ml, 65.48 mg/m3 HC, 160.33 mg/m3 CO, 850.33 mg/m3 NOx for 40 ml, 87.31 mg/m3 HC, 212.67 mg/m3 CO, 801.33 mg/m3 NOx, 3.67 mg/m3 SO2 for 50 ml. This study shows that CO and HC exceeded the permissible limit for stationary sources while NOx and SO2 were below the permissible limit.Conclusions : Hence, there is a need for rapid response and urgent attention from government and regulatory bodies to develop and implement appropriate policies that will help in reducing the effect. Appropriate measures to control air emissions that may be embarked upon by regulatory bodies include increase in the use of low-emission fuels and renewable fuels such as bio-fuels and introduction of the use of devices with low CO emissions.

Gaseous Emission from the Combustion of Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK) from the Kaduna Refinery and Petroleum Company in Nigeria

Kaduna Refinery and Petroleum Company convert crude oil and other liquids into refined petroleum products. These petroleum products are used in our various homes as a source of energy but they can be a threat to human lives and the ecosystem. Gaseous emissions from the combustion of DPK of different volumes from Kaduna Refining were characterized for gaseous air pollutants using the E8500 combustion analyzer. The concentrations for the gaseous emission from the combustion of DPK were 34.92mg/m3 HC, 21.67mg/m3 CO, 89.00mg/m3 NOx for 10 ml. 41.47mg/m3 HC, 33.33mg/ m3 CO, 118.33mg/m3 NOx for 20 ml. 52.3 mg/m3 HC, 49.33mg/m3 CO, 183.33mg/m3 NOx for 30 ml. 50.20mg/m3 HC, 33.00mg/m3 CO, 189.33mg/m3 NOx for 40 ml. 61.12mg/m3 HC, 40.62mg/m3 CO, 199.00mg/m3 NOx , 2.6 mg/m3 SO2 for 50 ml. This study shows that CO and HC exceeded the acceptable limit for stationary sources while NOx and SO2 were below the acceptable limit. Hence, there is a need for rapid response and urgent attention from government and regulatory bodies to put in place policies that will help minimize the effect of these emissions.