The Counterfactual Definition of a Program Effect

Evaluators are often called upon to assess the effects of programs. To assess a program effect, evaluators need a clear understanding of how a program effect is defined. Arguably, the most widely used definition of a program effect is the counterfactual one. According to the counterfactual definition, a program effect is the difference between what happened after the program was implemented and what would have happened if the program had not been implemented, but everything else had been the same. Such a definition is often said to be linked to the use of quantitative methods. But the definition can be used just as effectively with qualitative methods. To demonstrate its broad applicability in both qualitative and quantitative research, I show how the counterfactual definition undergirds seven common approaches to assessing effects. It is not clear how any alternative to the counterfactual definition is as generally applicable as the counterfactual definition.

On the Plausibility of the Latent Ignorability Assumption

The estimation of the causal effect of an endogenous treatment based on an instrumental variable (IV) is often complicated by the non-observability of the outcome of interest due to attrition, sample selection, or survey non-response. To tackle the latter problem, the latent ignorability (LI) assumption imposes that attrition/sample selection is independent of the outcome conditional on the treatment compliance type (i.e., how the treatment behaves as a function of the instrument), the instrument, and possibly further observed covariates. As a word of caution, this note formally discusses the strong behavioral implications of LI in rather standard IV models. We also provide an empirical illustration based on the Job Corps experimental study, in which the sensitivity of the estimated program effect to LI and alternative assumptions about outcome attrition is investigated.

Persepsi Mahasiswa KPI UIKA Bogor Terhadap Program Radio Pro 2 RRI Bogor

<p class="15bIsiAbstractBInggris"><em><span lang="EN-US">The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of KPI UIKA Bogor students towards the RRI Bogor Radio Pro 2 program and later in it would be known what points were the input for the programs in it. This research method uses quantitative methods, namely the method of distributing questionnaires to KPI UIKA Bogor students by using Suharsimi Arikunto's theory which takes a partial sample or representative of the population being studied. If the subject is less than 100, it is better to take all, on the contrary if the subject is greater than 100, it can be taken between 10-15%. The results obtained from the study were firstly the results of the research on the perception of UIKA KPI students on the satisfaction motive of the Pro 2 RRI Bogor program which got first place by getting a score of 550 from the results of the questionnaire answers, then the program effect dimension was ranked second with a score of 460 from the results of the questionnaire answers. In the third place, there is a motive for the respondents' knowledge of all programs in Pro 2 RRI Bogor with a score of 295. Finally, there is a motive for the general view of respondents on the Pro 2 RRI Radio Bogor which is ranked fourth with a score of 221. In general, the results obtained are known. that the listener's perception, namely the Islamic Broadcasting and Communications Students, University of Ibn Khaldun Bogor, is found in the satisfaction motive of the RRI Bogor Pro 2 Program.</span></em></p><p class="16aJudulAbstrak"><strong><span lang="IN">Abs</span><span lang="EN-US">trak</span></strong></p><p class="16bIsiAbstrak"><span lang="IN">Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persepsi mahasiswa KPI UIKA Bogor terhadap program Radio Pro 2 RRI Bogor dan nantinya didalamnya akan di ketahui apa saja poin yang menjadi masukan untuk program-program didalamnya. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif yaitu dengan metode penyebaran angket kepada Mahasiswa KPI UIKA bogor dengan menggunakan teori Suharsimi Arikunto yang mengambil sempel sebagian atau wakil populasi yang diteliti. Apabila subyeknya kurang dari 100 lebih baik diambil semua, sebaliknya jika subyeknya lebih besar dari 100 dapat diambil antara 10-15%.</span><span lang="IN">Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian tersebut pertama hasil penelitian persepsi mahasiswa KPI UIKA terhadap motif kepuasan program Pro 2 RRI bogor mendapat peringkat pertama dengan mendapat skor 550 dari hasil jawaban kuesioner, Selanjutnya dimensi efek program menempati peringkat kedua dengan skor 460 dari hasil jawaban kuisoner, Kemudian di peringkat ketiga ada motif pengetahuan responden terhadap seluruh program-program yang ada di Pro 2 RRI Bogor dengan skor 295, Terakhir ada motif pandangan umum responden terhadap radio Pro 2 RRI Bogor yang mendapat peringkat keempat dengan skor 221. Secara umum, hasil penelitian yang diperoleh diketahui bahwa persepsi pendengar yaitu Mahasiswa Komunikasi dan Penyiaran Islam Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor terdapat pada motif kepuasan Program Pro 2 RRI Bogor.</span></p>

Do Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Experimentation Outreach Programs Affect Attitudes towards Mathematics and Science? A Quasi-Experiment in Primary Education

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) outreach programs have been widely studied in recent years considering their possible influence on future STEM career election aiming to counteract the observed decline in enrollment at university. Nonetheless, the presumed effect is not clear due to a lack of comparison with control groups. In order to fill this gap, a quasi-experimental design was adopted to analyze the effect of a STEM experimentation outreach program on 5th and 6th graders. The sample was composed by 453 students, (274 experimental group and 179 control group). The Auzmendi Scale of Attitude towards Mathematics Modified (ASMAm), and the attitude towards school science (ASSci), were used as instruments, and were administered before and after the intervention. The analysis was run with sex, type of school (state and state-funded schools), school environment (rural/urban), and teacher as potential factors. The results show that there is a program effect on the attitude towards mathematics, but not on the attitude towards school science. Regarding the factors, the program effect is associated neither with sex nor with rural/urban schools. However, the program had a more positive effect on the ASSci than on the ASMAm in the state schools, and is mediated by the teacher.

Minat Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Memilih Program Studi Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition di Politeknik Negeri Medan

This paper wants to explain whether vocational students in the field of tourism in Medan are aware of the MICE industry (Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition) and MICE study programs in Politeknik Negeri Medan (Polmed). Furthermore, how is the interest of tourism vocational school students in Medan before and after being given a stimulus. The research uses descriptive method with quantitative approach. Data collection was carried out through a survey technique using a questionnaire. The respondent is tourism vocational school student in class which is spread in 15 vocational schools in Medan. The results showed that from 150 respondents surveyed, only 52% knew about the MICE industry, even though MICE was related to tourism. Furthermore, only 32% of respondents are aware of the existence of the MICE study program in Polmed. The low knowledge of students about MICE Polmed study program, effect the low interest of respondents in choosing this study program that is only by 8%. However, increased interest was seen when respondents had received stimulus in the form of information about the MICE Polmed study program profile which was displayed using media: books and videos. From 8% of respondents who were initially interested in choosing the MICE Polmed study program, after being given a stimulus it increased to 73.66%.