The Counterfactual Definition of a Program Effect

Program Effect ◽

Broad Applicability ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of

Evaluators are often called upon to assess the effects of programs. To assess a program effect, evaluators need a clear understanding of how a program effect is defined. Arguably, the most widely used definition of a program effect is the counterfactual one. According to the counterfactual definition, a program effect is the difference between what happened after the program was implemented and what would have happened if the program had not been implemented, but everything else had been the same. Such a definition is often said to be linked to the use of quantitative methods. But the definition can be used just as effectively with qualitative methods. To demonstrate its broad applicability in both qualitative and quantitative research, I show how the counterfactual definition undergirds seven common approaches to assessing effects. It is not clear how any alternative to the counterfactual definition is as generally applicable as the counterfactual definition.

Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in the study of developmental psychopathology in context

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579498001655 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 377-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

MERCER L. SULLIVAN

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Methods ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Developmental Psychopathology ◽

Research Strategies ◽

Sociological Study ◽

The Life Course ◽

Observational Techniques

Qualitative methods are well suited to advance the understanding of the role of social context in the development of maladaptation and psychopathology. However, they have not been widely used by developmental psychopathologists, despite being utilized in related fields, particularly in the sociological study of crime and delinquency. This article assesses the potential for the increased use of qualitative methods in developmental psychopathology and addresses the challenges involved in integrating them with quantitative research strategies. The interplay of qualitative and quantitative methods in the study of juvenile delinquency is reviewed for relevant lessons about both the utility and the difficulties of integrating the two types of methods. The problem of assessing continuities and discontinuities over the life course in patterns of antisocial behavior is discussed as an example of the challenge of integrating methodological paradigms. Schools of thought about qualitative methods and their relationship to quantitative research paradigms are identified and compared. Examples are discussed of narrative life history interviewing and qualitative observational techniques and of recent research endeavors integrating these qualitative techniques with quantitative data analyses.

Causal Analysis as a Bridge Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

10.31234/osf.io/b2qjx ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rosemary Blersch ◽

Neil Franchuk ◽

Miranda Lucas ◽

Christina Nord ◽

Stephanie Varsanyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Methods ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Causal Analysis ◽

Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽

Acyclic Graphs

Yarkoni argues that one solution is to abandon quantitative methods for qualitative ones. While we agree that qualitative methods are under-valued, we argue that both are necessary for thoroughgoing psycholog-ical research, complementing one another through the use of causal analysis. We illustrate how directed acyclic graphs can bridge qualitative and quantitative methods, thereby fostering understanding between dif-ferent psychological methodologies.

Efektivitas Penerapan Metode Hypnoteaching Dalam Meningkatkan Aktivitas Belajar Siswa

PEMBELAJAR Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Keguruan dan Pembelajaran ◽

10.26858/pembelajar.v4i2.13006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Ida bagus alit Arta wiguna

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Methods ◽

Research Methods ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Learning Activities ◽

Average Score ◽

Exploratory Research ◽

Average Value ◽

Second Stage

Teachers are required to have methodological abilities in the design and implementation of learning. The application of Hypnoteaching method in increasing learning activities greatly helps the learning process in the classroom and increases learning motivation which has an impact on increasing learning activities. This research uses a combination of sequential exploratory research methods. Combined research methods that combine qualitative and quantitative research sequentially where in the first phase of research using qualitative methods and in the second stage quantitative methods. Qualitative methods function to support hypotheses in certain cases or limited samples and quantitative methods function to support hypotheses in a wider population. The application of the Hypnoteaching method given by the teacher in class X is very effective in making the passive classroom atmosphere become calm and active when given a Hypnoteaching method stimulus. The fun atmosphere of learning in the classroom will cause students to feel at home while learning in class. From the results of the calculation of the average value and absorption of the above students obtained results for the average of the overall learning outcomes of students in class X Mipa 6 is 88 and the absorbency obtained from the average score of students is 88%. These results indicate that the average score or value of students is in the range of 61-100 with the category of Effective and Very Effective.

Community participation based on social capital to enhance tourist visit at Lake Toba Parapat North Sumatera

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20185200015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 00015

Author(s):

Erika Revida ◽

Sukarman Purba

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Community Participation ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Data Organization ◽

Community Based ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

North Sumatra

The The purpose of this research was to analyze the participation of community based on social capital to enhance tourist visit at Lake Toba Parapat North Sumatera. The study utililized both qualitative and quantitative methods. 80 respondents (head of family) were interviewed at Lake Toba Parapat North Sumatera. Thte analysis technique of data used quantitative research used descriptive statistics, and multiple regression analysis, whereas qualitative research started from the data organization, reduction and interpretation of data and took conclusion on the results of research. The results of the research showed that the hypothesis of research that there was a positive and significant influence between social capital on the community participation to enhance tourist visits in Lake Toba Parapat North Sumatra was accepted. Participation of community based on social capital to enhance tourist visit was in moderat and it can be further improved by social activities including communication, information sharing and education on the importance of community participation based on social capital such as cohesiveness, altruism, networking, coorperation, unselfish feeling, and trust.

RECONSTRUCTION OF HINDU PRIEST IN THE DYNAMICS OF THE INTER TRI SADHAKA AND SARWA SADHAKA IN BALI

E-Journal of Cultural Studies ◽

10.24843/cs.2019.v12.i02.p01 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Made Redana ◽

A.A. Bagus Wirawan ◽

I Gde Parimartha ◽

A.A. Ngurah Anom Kumbara

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Methods ◽

Social Movement ◽

Power Relations ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Belief System ◽

Driving Factors ◽

The Unconscious ◽

Prayer Beads ◽

The Difference ◽

Movement Change

The reconstruction of Hindu Pandita in Bali marked a polarization of Hindu Pandita set in the difference of the clan (Soroh) and the belief system needs to be examined more deeply. The fact shows that there are still many Hindus who think that the Hindu Pandita belong to the Brahmin clan. This gap can be a stimulant misintensity against the issue of the Kapanditan and the condition to construct "Homo hierarchicus versus Homo ecqualis are engaged in Bali in war without End". The research aims to (1) understand the foundations of the thinking of the reconstruction of the Hindu Pandita (RPH) in the dynamics between Tri-Sadhaka and the unconscious Chi Wildlife Station in the Balinese people, (2) understand the driving factors of Hindu's pandy reconstruction in Bali in The dynamics between Tri-Sadhaka – Sarwa Sadhaka, and (3) analyzing the implications of Balinese Hindu's impartiation. This research uses a mix method with the priority of using qualitative methods, which are supported by quantitative methods with value inventory techniques. The theory used as a foundation is the theory of power relations, structuration, deconstruction. The results of this study pertain to three things; First, reconstruction of the fundamentals of Hindu Pandita Thinking in the dynamics between Trisadaka and Chi Wildlife Station Sadaka is the efforts of the description of attitudes and personalities, value-conscious competence, and integrality. In the sense of the Hindu Pandita, which is personally integral, intact, and that is considered sacred, glorious, since he was in prayer beads spiritually through the process of diksa. Secondly, the impetus factors of Hindu reconstruction in the dynamics between Tri-saddleted and a Godly Chi wildlife station in Balinese people concerning historical and geneological dimensions, increased knowledge and chastity factors as a mode of adaptation to Pandita, a social movement in the competition's status, and ideas for movement change. Thirdly, the implications in the dynamics of competition between Trisadaka and Sarwasadaka are concerned with the ideological, social and economic pragmatism and importance of power. Keywords: the reconstruction of Hindu priest, the dynamics, tri and sarwa sadhaka, economic pragmatism and power

Introduction to the Special Issue “Causal Complexity and Qualitative Methods”

Political Analysis ◽

10.1093/pan/mpj016 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 223-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gary Goertz

Keyword(s):

Social Science ◽

Qualitative Methods ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

The Other ◽

Special Issue ◽

Political Analysis ◽

Empirical Social Science ◽

Causal Complexity

This special issue of Political Analysis engages in a dialogue between qualitative and quantitative methods. It proposes that each has something to say to the other and more generally has a contribution to make to empirical social science.

Advances in Library and Information Science - Social Research Methodology and New Techniques in Analysis, Interpretation, and Writing ◽

Designing a PhD Proposal in Mixed Method Research

10.4018/978-1-5225-7897-0.ch003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 36-48

Author(s):

Ndungi wa Mungai

Keyword(s):

Mixed Method ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Research Proposal ◽

Mixed Method Research ◽

Hypothetical Case ◽

Mixed Method Approach ◽

Definition Of ◽

Method Approach

This chapter reviews the challenges and advantages of writing a mixed method research (MMR) proposal. The argument put forward is that a mixed method approach overcomes the shortcomings of the commonly used qualitative and quantitative methods. A brief definition of a research proposal is followed by a discussion on the different interpretations of a mixed method and what makes mixed methods ideal in the proposal example that follows. A mixed method can be either one that utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to different degrees or it can be regarded as a distinct method by itself. A mixed method is suitable where both different types of data can be collected, when the data adds value to what would be achieved using one approach and where cost also justifies it. A hypothetical case example where an application is being made to conduct an evaluation of an anti-truancy program is presented.

Qualitative research

Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/med/9780198515517.003.0020 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 377-384

Author(s):

Joanna Murray

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Research ◽

Older People ◽

Qualitative Methods ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Illness Behaviour ◽

Complex Phenomena

Qualitative research is an increasingly popular method of enquiry in biomedical, clinical and behavioural research. Once regarded as the preserve of social scientists and psychologists, qualitative methods have entered the mainstream of epidemiology and clinical research, as evidenced by the publication of a series of papers in the British Medical Journal (Britten 1995; Mays and Pope 1995; Pope and Mays 1995; Pope et al. 2000). The qualitative methods to be described in this chapter offer a scientific approach to understanding and explaining the experiences, beliefs, and behaviour of defined groups of people. The contrasting features and the complementary roles of qualitative and quantitative methods of enquiry will be described. While the majority of chapters in the present volume are concerned with research methods designed to answer questions such as ‘how many?’ or ‘how frequently?’, qualitative methods enable us to explore the ‘why?’, ‘what?’, and ‘how?’ of human behaviour. Since the aim is to understand the meaning of the phenomena under study from the perspective of the individuals concerned, the direction of enquiry is guided more by respondent than researcher. This approach is particularly appropriate to complex phenomena such as the range of beliefs that underlie illness behaviour and the aspects of health care that matter to different service users. Qualitative enquiry would focus on identifying beliefs and describing the circumstances that surround particular behaviours, while quantitative research would focus on measurable characteristics of the sample and the frequency and outcome of their behaviour. An example of the contribution of the two methodological approaches is the study of variations in treatment of depression in older people. Epidemiological studies in the community and in primary care settings have found that the prevalence of depression in older adults far exceeds the prevalence of the disorder among those consulting their general practitioners. To identify the factors associated with this disparity, qualitative researchers would set out to explore the reasons why older people with depression do and do not present their symptoms to the GP. The aim would be to describe the range of beliefs about depression among attenders and non-attenders. The quantitative approach would involve establishing the strength of associations between personal characteristics, external factors, and behaviour of older people with depression. It is clear from this example that both approaches are complementary in identifying the nature of the disparity. Qualitative research is based on the premise that each individual's experience is unique and the beliefs that underlie illness behaviour can only be measured once identified and described from a variety of individual perspectives. When information of this type is combined with data on prevalence and variable risk, more appropriate services and outcome measures can be developed.

Understanding Immobility: Moving Beyond the Mobility Bias in Migration Studies

International Migration Review ◽

10.1177/0197918319831952 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 328-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Kerilyn Schewel

Keyword(s):

Interdisciplinary Research ◽

Research Agenda ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Analytical Tool ◽

Future Directions ◽

Migration Research ◽

Migration Flows ◽

Definition Of ◽

Migration Theories

This article suggests that there is a mobility bias in migration research: by focusing on the “drivers” of migration — the forces that lead to the initiation and perpetuation of migration flows — migration theories neglect the countervailing structural and personal forces that restrict or resist these drivers and lead to different immobility outcomes. To advance a research agenda on immobility, it offers a definition of immobility, further develops the aspiration-capability framework as an analytical tool for exploring the determinants of different forms of (im)mobility, synthesizes decades of interdisciplinary research to help explain why people do not migrate or desire to migrate, and considers future directions for further qualitative and quantitative research on immobility.

Article Commentary: Mixed Methods in Visitor Studies Research

Journal of Interpretation Research ◽

10.1177/109258720000500104 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 45-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Steven S. Yalowitz ◽

Marcella D. Wells

Keyword(s):

Mixed Methods ◽

Research Methods ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Visitor Studies ◽

Quantitative Research Methods ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Research Studies

In visitor studies, there has been some debate about the use of qualitative versus quantitative research methods. Many evaluators understand the advantages and disadvantages of both methods, but deciding on the most appropriate method can still be problematic. This article summarizes the tenets of both qualitative and quantitative methods and provides examples of visitor studies for each. It also reviews several research studies that have successfully used mixed methods to evaluate visitors.