Methodical approaches to evaluation of intellectual capital of enterprises

The intellectual capital that allows you to form a strong competitive advantage and is crucial for the successful existence of any enterprise. The purpose of the article is to generalize the methods of intellectual capital valuation. The existing methodological approaches to evaluation of the intellectual capital of the enterprise have been systemized in the article. The experience has been summarized and the analysis of methodical approaches to evaluation of intellectual capital has been carried out. Indicators for the analysis of human, organizational, client and social capital of intellectual capital have been distinguished. The most used approaches for estimating intellectual capital, their calculation mechanism and groups of methods have been determined. Thus, today there are several basic approaches to valuing intellectual capital (cost; income; market), as well as a significant number of methods for estimating the value of intellectual capital of the enterprise. However, there is no single common approach or methodology for evaluating intellectual capital. One of the most promising and convenient methods of evaluating intellectual capital is the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), which includes: finance; customers; internal business processes; innovation, training and professional growth. It is proposed to add an indicator of “communicative competence” of both personnel and management of the enterprise to the component “training and professional growth”, because the process of information transfer is the basis for successful operation of the enterprise and directly affects the formation and increase of intellectual capital.

Programa de Intervención Multidominio Healthy-Age. Recomendaciones para un envejecimiento saludable: por la red Healthy-Age (Multidomain Healthy-Age Programme. Recomendations for Healthy Ageing: On Behalf of the Healthy-Age Network)

El envejecimiento es un proceso natural asociado a un declive que repercute en un mayor riesgo de padecer discapacidad física y cognitiva, y/o afección emocional y social. En consecuencia, diversos estudios muestran los múltiples beneficios de los programas de entrenamiento multicomponente. Además, las directrices actuales amplían este enfoque hacia los programas multidominio. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el programa de intervención multidominio Healthy-Age que sigue las recomendaciones de las principales instituciones y literatura científica e incluye los principales dominios (físico, social, cognitivo y motivacional) en las personas mayores. Su finalidad es la de prevenir, mantener o mejorar la salud integral (física, psíquica, emocional y social) y educarles para un envejecimiento saludable. Además de incluir unas recomendaciones generales de actividad física, se muestran recomendaciones para el entrenamiento de la resistencia aeróbica, el equilibrio, la coordinación, la fuerza y resistencia muscular, la flexibilidad y el entrenamiento cognitivo; y se presentan dos modalidades; un plan de 5 días supervisado y un plan de 3 días supervisado más 2 días autónomo. === Ageing is a natural process associated with a decline that results in an increased risk of physical and cognitive disability and/or emotional and sentimental impairment. Consequently, several studies show the multiple benefits of multi-component training programmes. The current guidelines extend this approach to multi-domain programmes. For this reason, the objective of this paper is to present the Healthy-Age multi-domain intervention programme that follows the recommendations of the main institutions and scientific literature and includes the main domains (physical, social, cognitive and motivational) in older people. Its purpose is to prevent, maintain or improve the overall health (physical, psychological, emotional and social level) for a healthy ageing. In addition to including general recommendations of physical activity, recommendations are shown for aerobic resistance, balance, coordination, muscular strength and resistance, flexibility and cognitive training; and two modalities are presented; a 5-day supervised plan and a 3-day supervised plan plus 2 autonomous days.

Impact of covid-19 pandemic: Perception of clinical year medical students on transition of traditional to online lectures in a medical university of Karachi, Pakistan.

Objective: To determine the perception of clinical undergraduate MBBS students of online lectures in a medical university of Karachi, Pakistan. Study Design: Descriptive Study. Setting: Bahria University Medical and Dental College. Period: May 2020 till July 2020. Material & Methods: Four weeks after introduction of online lectures. Data was collected from clinical year students over two weeks using Google forms and analysed using SPSS version 22. Result: Of 450 clinical year students, n=234 responded. Overall, 48.7% (n = 114) students were satisfied with the online lectures, 34.2 %( n= 80) were completely satisfied and 17.7 %( n=39) were unsatisfied. 53.4 %( n=125) felt lectures were serving the purpose whereas 37.2% (n=87) do not feel the same. The lack of interaction component in online lectures was felt by 45.7% (n=107) students. Regarding clinical teaching, 72.2% (n= 170) do not think it is possible online, 15.8 (n=35) feel it possible and 12.4% (n=29) were hopeful. Majority 61.1% (n=143) think it is impossible to complete medical studies online. Student ideas for improvement included availability of lecture recording for later viewing, integrated quizzes, increasing interactive component, training of faculty, small group sessions and case based teaching. Majorly students faced internet connectivity issues and timings of long lectures without break. Conclusion: Online lectures can be improved by reducing the issues faced by students, providing them easy internet access, faculty training programs to make interactive and case based presentation and quizzes.

Effects of a Multi-Component Training Program on Healthy Older Adults' Prospective Memory Performance: Assessing Change Over Time

Prospective Memory (PM) is a cognitive function affected by aging. PM is the memory of future intentions and is significantly involved in everyday life, especially among older adults. Nevertheless, there are a few studies focused on PM training among healthy older adults and these studies did not report the optimal duration of training regarding improving PM performance among older adults. The present study aimed to determine the effective duration for training PM performance among healthy older adults. The current study was a randomized, controlled, single-blind, within-participants crossover trial including a training program with a duration of 12 h. The sample of 25 older adults aged 55 to 74 years recruited from the active members of the University of the Third Age (U3A), Kuala Lumpur/Selangor, their family members, and friends. The study design ensured some participants would receive the training after baseline while others would wait for 6 weeks after the baseline before receiving the training. All participants were evaluated five times: at baseline, 6, 12, 16, and at 24 weeks post-baseline. Moreover, the training program ensured all participants were assessed after each training session. The minimum number of hours to achieve training effects for this multi-component training program was eight. Results supported the efficacy of the training program in improving PM performance among healthy older adults. Also, the optimal duration for the multicomponent training program on PM performance among healthy older adults was obtained. This trial is registered at isrctn.com (#ISRCTN57600070).

A 16-week intervention on mood and life quality in elderly: testing two exercise programs

El objetivo era examinar los efectos del programa de entrenamiento de fuerza (STP) y el programa de entrenamiento de componentes múltiples (MTP) en los estados de ánimo en ancianos físicamente activos. Treinta ancianos brasileños (mujeres = 21; hombres = 9) con edades comprendidas entre 65 y 75 años (66.9±4.1) con un índice de masa corporal (IMC) que varía de 25.6 a 31.0 kg/m2 (28.3±1.2), se inscribieron para la investigación. Los ancianos fueron asignados aleatoriamente en dos grupos: Programa de entrenamiento de fuerza (STP; edad = 66.7±4.4 años, IMC = 28.2±1.3 kg/m2) y Programa de componentes múltiples (MTP; edad = 67.1±3.9 años, IMC = 28.5±1,0 kg/m2). El grupo STP realizó tres sesiones de 1 hora por semana, trabajando en un rango de 3 series, 8-10 repeticiones y 2 minutos de recuperación entre series y ejercicios. El grupo MTP realizó dos tipos diferentes de sesiones de ejercicio: a) 50 minutos de Zumba©, seguidos de 5-10 minutos de ejercicios de estiramiento dinámico; b) 40 minutos de ejercicios dinámicos y estáticos de peso corporal, así como movimientos de agilidad y equilibrio. El perfil de estados de ánimo (POMS) se aplicó para evaluar el estado de ánimo al inicio y después de la intervención. No se mostró interacción significativa o efecto principal para el grupo y el tiempo para seis factores del POMS. Sin embargo, la inferencia basada en la magnitud mostró que MTP es probablemente beneficioso para reducir la fatiga. Por otro lado, MTP es posiblemente perjudicial para aumentar la confusión y reducir el vigor en comparación con STP. En términos prácticos, podemos concluir que las personas mayores físicamente activas parecen lograr una adaptación en las respuestas del estado de ánimo, minimizando los efectos adicionales de STP y MTP. The purpose was to examine the effects of strength training program (STP) and multi-component training program (MTP) on mood states in physically active elderly. Thirty Brazilian elderly (female=21; male=9) aged between 65 and 75 years (66.9±4.1) with Body Mass Index (BMI) ranging from 25.6 to 31.0 kg/m2 (28.3±1.2), were enrolled for research. The elderly were randomly assigned into two groups: Strength Training Program (STP; age=66.7±4.4 years, BMI=28.2±1.3 kg/m2) and Multi-Component Program (MTP; age=67.1±3.9 years, BMI=28.5±1.0 kg/m2). STP group performed three 1-hour sessions per week, working at a range of 3 sets, 8-10 repetitions, and 2-minute recovery between sets and exercises. MTP group performed two different types of exercise sessions: a) 50 minutes of Zumba©, followed by 5-10 minutes of dynamic stretching exercises; b) 40 minutes of body-weight dynamic and static exercises, as well as agility and balance movements. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was applied to assess mood at baseline and post-intervention. No significant interaction or main effect for group and time was showed for six factors of the POMS. However, the magnitude-based inference showed that MTP is likely beneficial to reduce fatigue. On the other hand, MTP is possibly harmful to increase confusion and to reduce vigor when compared to STP. In practical terms, we can conclude that older people physically active seems to attain an adaptation in mood responses minimizing the additional effects of STP and MTP. O objetivo foi examinar os efeitos do programa de treinamento de força (STP) e do programa de treinamento com múltiplos componentes (MTP) nos estados de humor em idosos fisicamente ativos. Trinta idosos brasileiros (sexo feminino = 21; sexo masculino = 9) com idade entre 65 e 75 anos (66,9 ± 4,1) com índice de massa corporal (IMC) variando de 25,6 a 31,0 kg/m2 (28,3 ± 1,2) foram incluídos na pesquisa. Os idosos foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Programa de Treinamento de Força (STP; idade = 66,7 ± 4,4 anos, IMC = 28,2 ± 1,3 kg/m2) e Programa Multi-Componente (TMF; idade = 67,1 ± 3,9 anos, IMC = 28,5) 1,0 kg/m2). O grupo STP realizou três sessões de 1 hora por semana, trabalhando em uma série de 3 séries, 8 a 10 repetições e recuperação de 2 minutos entre séries e exercícios. O grupo MTP realizou dois tipos diferentes de sessões de exercícios: a) 50 minutos de Zumba©, seguidos de 5 a 10 minutos de exercícios dinâmicos de alongamento; b) 40 minutos de exercícios estáticos e dinâmicos de peso corporal, bem como movimentos de agilidade e equilíbrio. O perfil dos estados de humor (POMS) foi aplicado para avaliar o humor na linha de base e pós-intervenção. Nenhuma interação significativa ou efeito principal para o grupo e o tempo foi demonstrado para seis fatores do POMS. No entanto, a inferência baseada em magnitude mostrou que a MTP é provavelmente benéfica para reduzir a fadiga. Por outro lado, o MTP é possivelmente prejudicial para aumentar a confusão e reduzir o vigor quando comparado ao STP. Em termos práticos, podemos concluir que as pessoas idosas fisicamente ativas parecem atingir uma adaptação nas respostas de humor, minimizando os efeitos adicionais do STP e MTP.

Psychological training as a component of mastering the basics of self-defense by the higher education institutions students

The peculiarities of the psychological training as an element of the component training for self-ensuring of the personal safety are highlighted in the article. Authors define psychological training, in line with legal and special physical, as a key forming component of readiness to an effective self-defense, relevant and necessary educational area in the context of the educational discipline "Basics of self-defense". Highlighting the the role of psychological readiness to withstand real danger in the extreme situations, the authors have given a quick reference to the tips of special physical training and legal knowledge. The mastery of the necessary knowledge, the formation of skills is possible in the process of planned, optimally thought out special training. Experience of such training with scientifically based methodological approaches and the effectiveness of practical training is implemented in the law-enforcement system, the military authorities, the work of licensed security structures. The authors reviewed the key educational areas of training for professional security activities, the main educational tasks for the professional psychological training of the security police, and the psychological training of private security structures. The essence of the concepts "danger", "risk" is considered. The characteristics of the features of extreme situations, typical causes of injuries of security specialists are described. The authors emphasize the relevance of studying the methods of visual diagnostics of human behavior as a method of practical psychology. The authors highlight the vision of the main strategic task of psychological preparation for effective self-defense. Its meaning is viewed through the structure of personal security of law enforcement specialists: motivational, orientational, evaluative, strong-willed Possibility to use the existing methods and educational approaches for the preparation of higher education institutions students to master the discipline "Basics of self-defense" is discussed in the article.

Does Exercise-Based Conventional Training Improve Reactive Balance Control among People with Chronic Stroke?

Background: Exercise-based conventional training has predominantly benefited fall-associated volitional balance control domain; however, the effect on reactive balance control is under-examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise-based conventional training on reactive balance control. Methods: Eleven people with chronic stroke (PwCS) underwent multi-component training for six weeks (20 sessions) in a tapering manner. Training focused on four constructs-stretching, functional strengthening, balance, and endurance. Volitional balance was measured via movement velocity on the Limits of Stability (LOS) test and reactive balance via center of mass (COM) state stability on the Stance Perturbation Test (SPT). Additionally, behavioral outcomes (fall incidence and/or number of steps taken) were recorded. Results: Movement velocity significantly increased on the LOS test (p < 0.05) post-intervention with a significant decrease in fall incidence (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in the COM state stability, fall incidence and number of recovery steps on the SPT post-intervention. Conclusion: Although volitional and reactive balance control may share some neurophysiological and biomechanical components, training based on volitional movements might not significantly improve reactive balance control for recovery from large-magnitude perturbations due to its task-specificity.