Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on sugarcane varieties in the production of pre-sprouted seedlings

Brazil is considered the largest producer of sugarcane in the world, the main raw material for the production of ethanol and sugar. The objective was to evaluatethe effect of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sugarcane varieties in the production of pre-sprouted seedlings. An experiment was carried out in acompletely randomized design, in a double factorial 4x2, with four varieties of cane: IACSP95-5000; IAC91-1099; IACSP95-5094 and IACSP97-4039 which interactedwith and without the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the substrate, with 20 repetitions, totaling 160 experimental units. The use of the mycorrhizal fungi cocktail provided changes in the initial development of the varieties IACSP97-4039, IACSP95-5094 and IACSP95-5000. The inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased the parameters of the leaf area, the weight of the root dry matter, the adaxial epidermal thickness, the abaxial epidermal thickness, the phloem diameter and the mesophyll thickness.

Vegetative development of vine rootstock cultivars in brazilian cerrado conditions

In the State of Goiás, studies related to the vine's responses to the region's edaphoclimaticconditions are scarce. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of three vine rootstock cultivars, IAC 572 'Jales', IAC313 'Tropical' and IAC766 'Campinas', in the region of Goiânia, GO, after drastic pruning for uniformity. To evaluate the growth of rootstocks, the experiment was carried out in random blocks, in a double factorial scheme (3x7), with five replications, each repetition formed by a plant. The first factor consisted of three rootstocks: IAC313 ‘Tropical’, IAC572 ‘Jales’ and IAC766 ‘Campinas’. The plants were evaluated after 45 days after a drastic uniformization pruning, totaling seven evaluations (45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135 days after pruning), this being the second factor. The diameter of the main branch at the height of grafting (80 cm) and length of the main branch were evaluated. With the data on the diameter and length of the main branch, the absolute growth rate in diameter and length was calculated.The IAC572 'Jales' rootstock cultivar has greater vigor for branch growth, being 69% and 47.3% longer in length, and 49.8% and 18.8% longer in diameter than the IACrootstock. IAC 313 'Tropical' 'and' IAC766 'Campinas', respectively. The IAC766 ‘Campinas’ rootstock cultivar, although it has low vigor in branch growth, presents satisfactory development.

Saccharin sorghum submitted to application of phosphorus and ethephon

Saccharin sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a promising energy crop due to the storage of fermentable sugars in the stems, which are easily converted into ethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the application of phosphorus and Ethephon on the development, productivity of sorghum and technological quality of saccharin sorghum. The experiment was conducted at Teaching and Research Farm, located in Selviria-MS. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a 5x4 double factorial design, with five doses of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg ha-1 P2O5) and four doses of Ethephon (0, 330, 660, 1,320 mL ha-1) with four replicates. The variables analyzed were: plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, stand at 15 and 60 days after Ethephon application (D.A.A), fresh and dry biomass volume and yield. In addition, the following technological variables were evaluated: soluble solids content (BRIX%); sucrose content (POL%); reducing sugars (RS%); total reducing sugars (TRS%); fiber (%); purity (%) and humidity. The doses of P2O5 did not influence the productivity, but increased the stem diameter. Ethephon doses did not influence the yield of sorghum, but improved the technological quality of the extracted juice.

BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZER AND COVER PLANTS ON SOIL ATTRIBUTES AND MAIZE YIELD

ABSTRACT Maize is an important crop for Brazil's economy. This species is, in general, grown as monoculture, making it necessary the use of conservationist practices for soil management and to favor crop development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of biological fertilizer and cover plants on soil properties and maize yield. The experiment was conducted in a dystrophic Latossolo Vermelho (Oxisol), in the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 crop seasons in Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, using a double factorial arrangement with an additional control: two biological fertilizer conditions, three soil cover conditions, and a control (forest fragment). Seeds of Pennisetum glaucum and Crotalaria ochroleuca were sowed on October 2015 and 2016. Maize seeds were sowed on December 2015 and 2016, with subsequent application of 150 L ha-1 of biological fertilizer. The soil cultivated with maize had greater chemical quality than that under the forest fragment, however, the forest fragment soil had greater microbiological quality. The use of biological fertilizer and cover plants increased the fertility and microbiological quality of the soil cultivated with maize. The use of cover plants increased the maize yield in both crop seasons. The use of biological fertilizer and soil cover plants (P. glaucum and C. ochroleuca) improved the soil chemical and microbiological quality.

Proline synthesis and physiological response of cassava genotypes under in vitro salinity

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the proline synthesis and physiological response of cassava genotypes which were micro propagated and induced to salinity stress in vitro. Micro cuttings of approximately 1.0cm long with a single bud of genotypes TBRS Tapioqueira, BRS Verdinha and Lagoão which were previously established in vitro were inoculated in a MS medium containing different concentrations of NaCl (0; 25; 50; 75; 100mM) and were analyzed after 90th day for: number of roots, number of leaves and shoot dry mass. The proline content of BRS Tapioqueira and Lagoão was assessed at 30th, 60th and 90th day. There was no analysis of proline of the variety Verdinha because of the contamination of the explants. The experimental design was completely randomized in double factorial scheme (3 genotypes x 5 salt treatments), with seven repetitions for growth variables. For comparing proline content, completely randomized design was used in a plot subdivided in time, with genotype and NaCl factors in plot and time in subplot, with two repetitions. For r time and genotypes Tukey test (P<0,05) was used and for NaCl levels regression test (P<0,05). Salinity affected the growth of all varieties; although, BRS Tapioqueira and BRS Verdinha were less affected by induced salt stress. There was an increase in the accumulation of proline from the salt increment, this synthesis of proline being a biochemical indicator of salt stress in cassava plants cultivated in vitro.

Efficiency of fungicide chemical group in the preventive and curative control of Puccinia sorghi in corn and Cercospora zeae-maydis sporulation in different culture media

The chemical control of diseases is one of the most used measures, especially for a rapid and precise control. The objectives of this work were to verify the behavior of three chemical groups of fungicides applied in a preventive and curative way aiming the control of common corn rust and the sporulation of Cercospora zeae-maydis in different culture media. Two experiments were installed, one for chemical control and the other for sporulation. For the chemical control experiment, propiconazole, azoxystrobin, ciproconazole + azoxystrobin and benzovindiflupir + azoxystrobin were the fungicides preventively and curatively applied for the control of common corn rust in a random block experimental design with three replicates. In relation to cercosporiosis sporulation experiment, five culture media were used: potato sucrose agar (PSA), V8 agar juice (V8), (LCHA), corn leaf extract (CL) and seasoned tomato extract (STE) were used. Discs with Mycelial of the fungus were placed on the media and submitted to the 12-hour light/12-hour dark continuous dark in a double factorial (culture media and light treatments) experimental design with four replicates. The fungicides azoxystrobin and ciproconazole + azoxystrobin were efficient for up to 21 days after inoculation of P. sorghi, the fungicide azoxystrobin was efficient for the curative control of P. sorghi. The greatest sporulation of the fungus was verified in the medium with seasoned tomato extract submitted to the photoperiod.

MONITORAMENTO DA SEMEADURA DE SOJA COM DIFERENTES SENSORES ÓPTICOS DE LED

As tecnologias de informação estão amplamente difundidas na agricultura, ocupando espaço em diversas áreas de produção. Na semeadura mecanizada não é diferente, monitores e sensores auxiliam a operação em busca de melhor eficiência produtiva, operacional e econômica. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de sensores ópticos equipados com quatro e três Light Emitting Diode (LED’s) na semeadura de soja em diferentes velocidades e densidades de semeadura. O trabalho foi realizado em área experimental do grupo de plantio direto da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas de Botucatu/SP, e os fatores utilizados para composição dos tratamentos foram: dois sensores (com 3 e 4 LED’s), três velocidades (4, 8 e 12 km h-1) e três densidades de semeadura (10, 15 e 20 sementes por metro). A semeadura do experimento foi realizada utilizando uma semeadora-adubadora pneumática com sete linhas de semeadura, tracionada por um trator de pneus com 82,02 kW de potência no motor. Em cada linha de semeadura da máquina foi instalado um sensor de LED’s, posicionados no terço médio do tubo condutor de sementes. A metodologia desenvolvida para coleta das sementes utilizou embalagens plásticas amarradas com abraçadeiras de nylon na saída dos tubos condutores, sendo as sementes coletadas contadas por um contador automatizado modelo Seedburo 801 count-a-pak e pelo monitor de bordo modelo MPA2500 instalado na cabine do trator. O delineamento adotado foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com quatro repetições e em esquema fatorial duplo, sendo comparados separadamente o fator sensores × Velocidades; sensores × densidade de semeadura e velocidade × densidade de semeadura, totalizando 126 parcelas experimentais. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o sensor com três e quatro LED’s possuem eficiência similar se submetidos a velocidade de semeadura de 4 e 8 km h-1. Em condição de alta densidade de semeadura, o aumento da velocidade de semeadura reduz a eficiência do sensor óptico de três LED’s.PALAVRAS–CHAVE: Dosagem, Monitor de semeadura, Plantabilidade, Semeadura. MONITORING OF SOYBEAN SOWING WITH DIFFERENT OPTICAL LED SENSORSABSTRACT: Information technologies are widely diffused in agriculture, taking up space in several areas of production. In mechanized sowing, it is no different, monitors and sensors help the operation in search of better productive, operational and economic efficiency. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of optical sensors equipped with four and three Light Emitting Diode (LED) in soybean sowing at different speeds and seeding densities. The experiment was carried out in experimental area of the no-tillage group of Botucatu/SP College of Agronomic Sciences, and the factors used to compose the treatments were: two sensors (with 3 and 4 LEDs), three speeds (4, 8 and 12 Km h-1) and three sowing densities (10, 15 and 20 seeds per meter). The sowing of the experiment area was performed using a pneumatic seeder with seven rows of sowing, driven by a tractor of tires with 82,02 kW of power in the engine. A LED sensor was installed in each seeding line of the machine and positioned in the middle third of the seed conductor tube. Plastic packages tied with nylon clamps at the exit of the conductive tubes were used to collected seeds, counted by an automated counter model Seedburo 801 count-a-pak and data storage by the on-board monitor model MPA2500. The experiment design was completely randomized blocks, with four replications in a double factorial scheme, comparing separately the following factors, sensors × velocities; sensors × seeding density, and speed × seeding density, Totaling 126 experimental plots. The results obtained indicated that the sensor with three and four LEDs have similar efficiency when submitted to sowing speed of 4 and 8 km h-1. In high sowing density, increasing sowing speed reduces the efficiency of the sensor with three LEDs.KEYWORDS: Dosage, Plantability, Seeder, Seeding monitor.

Microbiota indigenous milk, mesophilic lipolytic and proteolytic colonial cheese matured, produced at different times of the year

SUMMARY Cheese is the oldest form of preserving milk nutrients having nutritional, economic and cultural importance. The objective of this study was to identify the best time of the year for production, and period, in months, for maturation of traditional colonial cheese, through analysis of water activity, weight loss and counts of lactic acid, mesophilic microorganisms—proteolytic and lipolytic. Records of temperature and relative humidity (RH) were maintained. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a double factorial scheme, considering production periods and maturation times. For all production periods evaluated, there was a significant reduction in the periods for water activity values. The counts of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 104 to 109 CFU/g. There was also stability in the number of colonies for lipolytic mesophilic microorganisms, until the third month of maturation. Low counts of proteolytic mesophiles were observed for the samples produced in May and June (5.70 and 5.53 log), respectively. The production period for the months of May and June corresponding to RH of 80% and average temperatures of 15°C were the most effective for production. Due to the presence of Listeria, it is recommended to respect the minimum time of 60 days of maturation for commercialization.