Predictive value of kinematic indicators for shot put result and selection of novice athletes

Purpose: to determine the most significant kinematic indicators in the sports selection of beginner shot putters. Material and Methods: This study was carried out on a sample of 9 students at the fourth stage of the competition in Division 1, which took place in the 2017/2018 academic year at the Faculty of Physical Education of Maysan University. The following kinematic (biomechanical) parameters were analyzed: the angle of release of the nucleus, the velocity of release, the height of the point of ejection of the nucleus and the speed of swing. The correlation coefficients were determined between the kinematic indicators and the result in the shot put, as well as the regression equation for the dependence of the result in the shot put on the knematic indicators. The data obtained in the study were presented in the form of the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, skewness coefficient, Pearson's correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and linear regression, which included the contribution coefficients of each analyzed indicator, standard error, reliability of the regression equation as a whole, and reliability of the coefficients contribution to the shot put result of each kinematic exponent. Results. It has been shown that the swing speed has the greatest influence on the result in the shot put among beginner athletes. The swing speed, shot angle, shot speed and shot height have significant relationships with the shot put result. The multiple regression equation for the dependence of the shot put result on the swing speed, shot angle, shot height and shot point turned out to be reliable in general. However, only the swing speed has a reliable coefficient of the regression equation. The shot angle tends to be the determining factor in the shot put result. The release rate and the height of the release point have significant correlations with the shot put result, although in the regression equation they have unreliable indicators of influence on the shot put result. Conclusions. When teaching beginner shot putters, the greatest attention should be paid to the pushing swing technique, namely the swing speed. The second most important indicator is the angle of the shot put, it is recommended to use the basic prediction equation, which determines the expected results in the selection of young athletes in shot put, with high reliability of the results obtained. These characteristics are recommended to be used for evaluating young athletes, as well as in the process of training and preparing athletes for competitions.

Rus detachment in Dammam Dome, Eastern Saudi Arabia: a new soft-sediment structure as a ‘sensitive stress sensor’ for the Zagros collision

This paper describes in detail hydroplastic structures, which are ‘odd’ kinematic indicators in the basal part of the Eocene Middle Rus Formation. Such structures were previously ignored or falsely interpreted. These hydroplastic structures are found in the massive limestone exposures on the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) campus. They occur in relation to a principal displacement zone along the boundary/interface between the Lower/Middle Rus, which is referred to as the Rus soft-sediment detachment. The structures are fist-sized vugs associated with carrot- or comet-trail imprints (VCT structures) which were previously translated calcite geodes that have been weathered out. VCT structures show transport/slip towards the NNW (345°) and are found on flat to low-dipping surfaces classified as Y, R and P shears with respect to the orientation of the Rus detachment. Palaeostress analysis indicates an Andersonian transtension stress regime, though it does not facilitate the activation of the Rus soft-sediment detachment. Detachment activity occurred due to the negative effective principal stress σ3′ and the abnormally low frictional coefficient caused by fluid pressure. The soft-sediment Rus detachment can be considered a ‘sensitive stress sensor’ for the Zagros collision since it indicates the Arabian platform’s instability in the wider area of the Dammam Dome during the Late Eocene. This instability is attributed to the inception of the Zagros collision, which was previously considered to occur during the Oligocene based on the well-established pre-Neogene unconformity.

Research into the Dynamic Characteristics of the Planetary Cob­Separating Device

In the article, the authors propose a methodological approach to calculating the planetary cob-separating device used in corn harvesters and specialized headers. The dynamic characteristics of the planetary cob-separating device operation were investigated. The authors found out that the machine dynamics research problems are rather diverse due to the complexity of the dynamic processes occurring in them. The theoretical research methods prove to be of particular importance, since they make it possible to define the laws of machine unit motion, even at the stage of designing the planetary cob-separating device. (Research purpose) To propose a method for calculating the main kinematic and dynamic parameters of the vertical cob-separating device operation. (Materials and methods) The authors studied the methodological approaches and mathematical tools used to determine the main kinematic and dynamic parameters of the vertical cob-separating device operation; examined the scheme of a single-drum planetary cob-separating device in a corn harvester and built a differential equation of motion. (Results and discussion) After a step-by-step mathematical calculation with the use of the proposed methodological approach to studying the dynamic characteristics arising during the planetary cob-separating device operation, the following equations were obtained: starting the device at idle; starting the device with a load; feeding stems after starting the device; sudden interruption of the supply. When conducting the laboratory studies, it was determined that the cob-separating device showed the greatest effect at an angular speed of the drum within the range of 52.1-62.2 radians per second. (Conclusions) The authors considered four modes of the cob-separating device operation in a corn harvester and obtained the equations for them. The authors created a diagram of the vertical cob-separating device and proposed a methodological approach and an algorithm for calculating the main dynamic and kinematic indicators of its operation.

Variaciones cinemáticas de ascenso en los ciclistas de montaña (Kinematic variations of uphill in mountain bikers)

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar los indicadores cinemáticos relevantes entre categorías Elite y Sub-23 de ciclistas de cross country mountain bike (MTB) en la técnica de ascenso. La muestra fue compuesta por ciclistas Sub-23 (n=5; 18.8±0.5 años) y Elite (n=7; 24.2±2.0 años), todos los participante varones, diestros y ciclistas federados de competiciones de cross country MTB. Los datos fueron registrados desde el plano sagital al ascender por un terreno con una pendiente de 9.5±0.5% con la técnica de videofotogrametría. Los indicadores que presentaron diferencias entre categorías fueron: velocidad angular ciclo pedaleo izquierdo (p=0.04; g=-1.22), tiempo ciclo pedaleo izquierdo (p=0.02; g=1.44), velocidad angular ciclo pedaleo izquierdo de la fase preparatoria (p=0.03; g=-1.37), mientras que para la velocidad articular; velocidad de la cadera izquierda en fase de envión (p=0.029; g=-1.38), velocidad del tobillo izquierdo (p=0.005; g=-1.94) y tobillo derecho (p=0.002; g=-2.17) en fase de recuperación. Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine the relevant kinematic indicators between Elite and Under-23 categories of cross country mountain bike (MTB) cyclists in the climbing technique. The sample was made up of Under-23 (n=5; 18.8±0.5 years) and Elite (n=7; 24.2±2.0 years) cyclists, all male and right-handed, federated participants of cross-country MTB competitions. The data were recorded from the sagittal plane to the ascending one through a terrain with a slope of 9.5±0.5% with videophotogrammetry. The indicators that showed differences between categories were: left pedaling cycle angular velocity (p=0.04; g=-1.22), left pedaling cycle time (p=0.02; g=1.44), left pedaling cycle angular velocity of the preparatory phase (p=0.03; g=-1.37), while for joint speed; speed of the left hip in clean and jerk phase (p=0.029; g =-1.38), speed of the left ankle (p=0.005; g=-1.94) and right ankle (p=0.002; g=-2.17) in recovery phase.

INTEGRATED CHARACTERIZATION AND FAILURE MECHANISM FOR A MID PLEISTOCENE MTC DOMINANT INTERVAL IN THE MARS URSA BASIN, NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO, USA

The economic and operational risks associated with Mass Transport Complexes (MTCs) in deepwater hydrocarbon exploration act as a principal motivation to investigate their depositional elements utilizing industry data. There is a lack of extensive seismic and well data coverage that limits the understanding of the processes associated with the evolution of MTCs within deepwater sedimentary basins. This study leverages a unique integrated dataset to evaluate the depositional character and potential failure mechanisms of seven identified MTCs preserved in a synkinematic mid-Pleistocene MTC-dominant interval that spans the hydrocarbon bearing Mars Ursa Basin in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Through seismic interpretation and attribute extraction methods using a 3D PDSM seismic survey, we describe kinematic indicators and preserved morphodomains geometries of the identified MTCs. The MTC-dominant interval covers an area of 631 km2, a volume of 392 km3, and a maximum thickness of 549 m in minibasin centers. The interval is penetrated by fifteen boreholes that provide stratigraphic and lithologic calibration of the morphometric analyses. The lithological composition of the MTC-rich interval is claystone/mudstone-dominant with a few interbedded, thin sandstones. The identified kinematic indicators and geometric extent of the identified MTCs are a function of both local salt tectonics extrabasinal controls. The stratigraphic framework presented in this study constrains the timing of failures to a period of high sediment deposition related to a major increase of glacial input into the Quaternary Mississippi Fan. This study offers borehole calibrated MTC morphometrics preserved in a MTC-dominant interval whose failure is triggered by local salt inflation, but ultimately is a consequence of loading following increased sediment supply into the basin. The results from this robust data set build upon past integrated seismic-well studies that strive to improve the understanding of MTC processes and their implications in hydrocarbon exploration across salt sedimentary basins.

Fault kinematic investigations along the Panchkula-Morni region, NW Himalaya, India

<p>The Morni hills located in the north-western Himalaya in Panchkula district, Haryana has undergone poly-phase deformation owing to its complex tectonic history. In order to better understand the kinematic evolution of study area, detailed structural analyses of the fault system at regional-scale is carried out. We perform paleostress analyses on the collected fault-slip data to derive the paleostress tensors. The fault-slip data includes attitudes of fault planes and slickenside lineations, and the sense of slip along the fault plane determined by observing various kinematic indicators. The study area mainly exposes compacted, fine- to medium-grained calcareous sandstones belonging to the lower Siwalik formation in the Himalayan foreland basin. The exposed sandstones contain numerous striated slip planes of varying slip-sense. As the fault planes are intra-formational and exposed in uniform lithology, sense of slip cannot be determined through offset markers. In such cases, the sense of slip of the fault plane is determined solely by observing various slickenside kinematic indicators and fracture types developed on the faulted surface. The slickenside kinematic indicators e.g., calcite mineral steps were found useful in deciphering the sense of movement of each of the slip plane. The paleostress inversion of fault-slip data was carried out by applying the open source software T-Tecto studio X5 to obtain the reduced stress tensor. The Paleostress inversion algorithm called the Right Dihedral Method (RDM) is executed to estimate the principal stress axes orientations. Temporally, the slip planes may have reactivated multiple times preserving multiple slickenside orientations superimposing one another. Such fault-slip data are called heterogeneous and therefore, multiple stress states are deduced to explain the heterogeneous fault-slip data. The paleostress analysis results indicate stress regime index (R’) range 1.25–2.25 and 0.20–1.00 suggesting pure strike-slip to transpressive and pure extensive to transtensive stress regime respectively prevailing in the study area.</p>

Chapter 18: Geology of Round Mountain, Nevada: A Giant Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Gold Deposit

The Round Mountain low-sulfidation epithermal Au deposit occurs within the rhyolitic tuff of Round Mountain (26.86 Ma) on the northeast side of an elliptical volcanic center that has morphology and volcanic facies suggesting it originated as a caldera. The hosting tuff comprises three pyroclastic flow and fall deposits (units T1 to T3). These are overlain successively by lacustrine sediments and volcaniclastic rocks. which may contain paleowater table levels formed at the time of ore formation and a 26.4 Ma postmineralization tuff unit. A linear vertical drop in the basement contact coincides with thick tuff fill and megabreccia, which is interpreted to follow the position of a WNW-trending ring fissure or vent wall that may have focused the locations of subsequent hydrothermal upflow zones. Orebodies are developed in strata-bound zones that are most extensive in poorly welded tuff, focused below overlying impermeable welded tuff in a WNW-trending, gently NW-plunging corridor above and mantling the SW-dipping paleoslope of basement rocks. Ore comprises disseminated pervasive adularia-quartz-pyrite ± illite alteration with electrum. The disseminated mineralization surrounds, and is most intensely developed in association with, a low-displacement extensional fault-vein network composed of conjugate NE- and SW-dipping faults and steeply dipping extensional veins. Vein orientations and kinematic indicators suggest ore formation occurred during localized NE-SW-directed extension that may have been related to late stages of volcanic subsidence, potentially in association with deep resurgent magmatism into ring fissures approximately 0.5 m.y. after deposition of the host tuff sequence.

Late Paleozoic rock deformation of the Kurai block: structural‐kinematic analysis (upper Kuraika river, Gorny Altai, Russia)

In the Kurai ridge located in the southeastern Gorny Altai (Altai Mountains, Russia) metamorphic rocks of the Kurai complex are widely developed: granite‐gneisses, crystalline schists and amphibolites, including widespread Early Carboniferous mylonites and blastomylonites. Oriented samples of blastomylonites were taken from the upper reaches of the Kuraika river for the microstructural study aimed to determine the kinematics of movements. The analyses of thin cut samples show structural‐kinematic indicators that suggest two deformation events (left‐lateral shearing, then right‐lateral shearing).