Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance

Rationale and objectives Differences among psychedelic substances regarding their subjective experiences are clinically and scientifically interesting. Quantitative linguistic analysis is a powerful tool to examine such differences. This study compared five psychedelic substance report groups and a non-psychedelic report group on quantitative linguistic markers of psychological states and processes derived from recreational use-based online experience reports. Methods Using 2947 publicly available online reports, we compared Ayahuasca and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT, analyzed together), ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin (mushroom), and antidepressant drug use experiences. We examined word frequencies related to various psychological states and processes and semantic proximity to psychedelic and mystical experience scales. Results Linguistic markers of psychological function indicated distinct effect profiles. For example, MDMA experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical experience descriptions. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and mystical experience-related language outcomes. Antidepressant reports featured more negative emotional and cognitive process-related words, fewer positive emotional and analytical thinking-related words, and were generally not similar to mystical and psychedelic language. Conclusion This article addresses an existing research gap regarding the comparison of different psychedelic drugs on linguistic profiles of psychological states, processes, and experiences. The large sample of experience reports involving multiple psychedelic drugs provides valuable information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. The results could inform experimental research into psychedelic drug effects in healthy populations and clinical trials for psychedelic treatments of psychiatric problems.

Defining degree of semantic similarity using description logic tools

Establishing the semantic similarity of information is an integral part of the process of solving any information retrieval tasks, including tasks related to big data processing, discovery of semantic web services, categorization and classification of information, etc. The special functions to determine quantitative indicators of degree of se­mantic similarity of the information allow ranking the found information on its semantic proximity to the pur­po­se or search request/template. Forming such measures should take into account many aspects from the mea­nings of the matched concepts to the specifics of the business-task in which it is done. Usually, to construct such si­milarity functions, semantic ap­proaches are combined with structural ones, which provide syntactic comparison of concepts descriptions. This allows to do descriptions of the concepts more detail, and the impact of syntactic matching can be significantly reduced by using more expressive descriptive logics to represent information and by moving the focus to semantic properties. Today, DL-ontologies are the most developed tools for representing semantics, and the mechanisms of reasoning of descriptive logics (DL) provide the possibility of logical inference. Most of the estimates presented in this paper are based on basic DLs that support only the intersection constructor, but the described approaches can be applied to any DL that provides basic reasoning services. This article contains the analysis of existing approaches, models and measures based on descriptive logics. Classification of the estimation methods both on the levels of defining similarity and the matching types is proposed. The main attention is paid to establishing the similarity between concepts (conceptual level models). The task of establishing the value of similarity between instances and between concept and instance consists of finding the most specific concept for the instance / instances and evaluating the similarity between the concepts. The term of existential similarity is introduced. In this paper the examples of applying certain types of measures to evaluate the degree of semantic similarity of notions and/or knowledge based on the geometry ontology is demonstrated.

PyPlutchik: Visualising and comparing emotion-annotated corpora

The increasing availability of textual corpora and data fetched from social networks is fuelling a huge production of works based on the model proposed by psychologist Robert Plutchik, often referred simply as the “Plutchik Wheel”. Related researches range from annotation tasks description to emotions detection tools. Visualisation of such emotions is traditionally carried out using the most popular layouts, as bar plots or tables, which are however sub-optimal. The classic representation of the Plutchik’s wheel follows the principles of proximity and opposition between pairs of emotions: spatial proximity in this model is also a semantic proximity, as adjacent emotions elicit a complex emotion (a primary dyad) when triggered together; spatial opposition is a semantic opposition as well, as positive emotions are opposite to negative emotions. The most common layouts fail to preserve both features, not to mention the need of visually allowing comparisons between different corpora in a blink of an eye, that is hard with basic design solutions. We introduce PyPlutchik the Pyplutchik package is available as a Github repository (http://github.com/alfonsosemeraro/pyplutchik) or through the installation commands pip or conda. For any enquiry about usage or installation feel free to contact the corresponding author, a Python module specifically designed for the visualisation of Plutchik’s emotions in texts or in corpora. PyPlutchik draws the Plutchik’s flower with each emotion petal sized after how much that emotion is detected or annotated in the corpus, also representing three degrees of intensity for each of them. Notably, PyPlutchik allows users to display also primary, secondary, tertiary and opposite dyads in a compact, intuitive way. We substantiate our claim that PyPlutchik outperforms other classic visualisations when displaying Plutchik emotions and we showcase a few examples that display our module’s most compelling features.

MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION ACCESS TO MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS USING THE METHODS SEMANTIC PROXIMITY

На основе анализа применения моделей управления доступом с использованием тематических иерархических классификаторов в медицинских информационных системах с применением мобильных систем в качестве элементов предложены методы формирования доверительных прав на доступ к объектам. При использовании традиционных тематически иерархических моделей управления доступа логическая информационная архитектура ресурсов медицинских информационных систем формирует собой тематический иерархический классификатор (рубрикатор). Диаграмма Хассе вводит отношения порядка в тематическом классификаторе на решетке безопасности для формирования доверительно - тематических полномочий пользователей медицинских информационных систем. Построение диаграмм Хассе на решетке безопасности включающей несколько уровней безопасности достаточно сложная алгоритмическая задача. При построении доверительно - тематических полномочий пользователей для избегания неопределенности при неполноте построенной диаграммы Хассе и завышения предоставленных полномочий при формировании прав доступа предлагается использовать семантическую близость запроса на доступ пользователя и тематической рубрики иерархического классификатора. Анализ существующих подходов к формированию метрик семантической близости показал, что в качестве наилучшей метрики для задания доверительных полномочий пользователя может использоваться меры близости, основанные на иерархии понятий Based on the analysis of the application of access control models using thematically hierarchical classifiers in medical information systems using mobile technologies (MS), methods of forming access rights to objects are proposed. When using traditional thematically hierarchical access control models, the logical information architecture of the medical information systems resources forms a thematic hierarchical classifier (rubricator). The Hasse diagram introduces order relations into the thematic classifier on the security grid to form the trust-thematic powers of the medical information systems users. The construction of Hasse diagrams on a security grid that includes several security levels is a rather complex algorithmic task. When constructing trust-thematic user powers to avoid ambiguity in the case of incompleteness of the constructed Hasse diagram and overestimation of the granted powers when forming access rights, it is proposed to use the semantic proximity of the user's access request and the thematic heading of the hierarchical classifier. An analysis of existing approaches to the formation of semantic proximity metrics showed that proximity measures based on a hierarchy of concepts can be used as the best metric for setting the user's trust authority

DETERMINING THE SEMANTIC PROXIMITY OF NEWS MESSAGES BASED ON TITLES ANALYSIS

The paper is devoted to the peculiarities of using data from unstructured sources, such as social networks, online media, etc. for the development of management decisions. The issue of analyzing such sources in the process of developing and making managerial decisions in the socio-economic sphere is considered. The difficulties of processing unstructured data are described, such as the impossibility of fully automatic evaluation of the semantics of data, the presence of a large amount of duplicate information. Various approaches to determining ratings and various metrics of sources and messages are described. The problem of identifying duplicate messages is considered using the example of online media both by full texts and by titles. Under the duplicate of a news message in this context refers a repetition of a significant amount of information from it in another article. If the text of a news message (article) is not repeated verbatim, it is impossible to determine the degree of duplication of the meaning of the article without involving human expertise. There are various metrics for assessing the similarity (semantic proximity) of textual information that can help in this matter. Some of them are described in the article. An adaptation of the Word Mover Distance method for the Russian language is proposed and the Word2Vec model is trained for its use. A hybrid approach to identifying and eliminating duplicate messages as part of the preprocessing of unstructured data in the context of managerial decision-making is proposed. According to the results of the experiments, depending on the chosen method, it was possible to automatically determine based on the publication time and the analysis of titles from 43 to 74 % duplicates.

Defining degree of semantic similarity using description logic tools

Establishing the semantic similarity of information is an integral part of the process of solving any information retrieval tasks, including tasks related to big data processing, discovery of semantic web services, categorization and classification of information, etc. The special functions to determine quantitative indicators of degree of semantic similarity of the information allow ranking the found information on its semantic proximity to the purpose or search request/template. Forming such measures should take into account many aspects from the meanings of the matched concepts to the specifics of the business-task in which it is done. Usually, to construct such similarity functions, semantic approaches are combined with structural ones, which provide syntactic comparison of concepts descriptions. This allows to do descriptions of the concepts more detail, and the impact of syntactic matching can be significantly reduced by using more expressive descriptive logics to represent information and by moving the focus to semantic properties. Today, DL-ontologies are the most developed tools for representing semantics, and the mechanisms of reasoning of descriptive logics (DL) provide the possibility of logical inference. Most of the estimates presented in this paper are based on basic DLs that support only the intersection constructor, but the described approaches can be applied to any DL that provides basic reasoning services. This article contains the analysis of existing approaches, models and measures based on descriptive logics. Classification of the estimation methods both on the levels of defining similarity and the matching types is proposed. The main attention is paid to establishing the similarity between concepts (conceptual level models). The task of establishing the value of similarity between instances and between concept and instance consists of finding the most specific concept for the instance / instances and evaluating the similarity between the concepts. The term of existential similarity is introduced. In this paper the examples of applying certain types of measures to evaluate the degree of semantic similarity of notions and/or knowledge based on the geometry ontology is demonstrated.

VISUAL ANALYSIS OF TEXT DATA COLLECTIONS BY FREQUENCIES OF JOINT USE OF WORDS

The presented research considers the problems of studying the cluster structure of multidimensional data volumes. This paper presents the results of numerical experiments on the study of data volumes consisting of frequencies of joint use of words from different parts of speech, for instance “noun + verb” or “adjective + noun”. The volumes of data are obtained from samples from text collections in Russian. The aim of the research is to analyze the cluster structure of the studied volume and semantic proximity of words in clusters and subclusters. The hypothesis was used that words with similar meaning should occur in approximately the same context. In this regard, in the space of features, they will be at a relatively close distance from each other, while differing words will be at a more distant distance from each other. Research is carried out using elastic maps, which are effective tools for visual analysis of multidimensional data. The construction of elastic maps and their extensions in the space of the first three principal components makes it possible to determine the cluster structure of the studied multidimensional data volumes. Such analysis can be useful in the tasks of confronting negative verbal influences such as fake news, hidden propaganda, involvement in sects, verbal manipulation, etc. Also this approach can be applied to text collections having medical origin.

The Principles of the Formal Construction of the Lexical-Semantic Field in Modern Chinese

The article presents an attempt to formally construct a lexical-semantic field for the Chinese language, taking into account the fact that the concept of such a field presupposes a certain classification system of the vocabulary, which is divided into large and small groups ordered in relation to each other. Due to the presence in the Chinese language of a large number of copulative complexes, paradigmatic relations of semantic proximity are expressed in syntagmatic relations of juxtaposition, which allowed the authors of the article to construct semantic fields based on the data of normative dictionaries and vocabulary lists. This article presents formal methods for constructing a semantic field for the modern Chinese language, a semantic method for fixing the language. It is based on a graphical representation of combinations of symbols (synographic images) and their explanations in dictionaries and wordlists of the modern Chinese language. As typical examples, the sphere of designations of emotions and verbs with the meanings of purchase and sale was chosen. The article defines the features of the structure of the lexical-semantic field of the verbs of sale and purchase, reveals the lexical units that are included in the core, near and far periphery. The material presented in the article indicates that in the case of the Chinese language, a similar method of constructing a lexical-semantic field can be applied both to tokens with an abstract meaning and to tokens with a specific meaning.

Professional position of a psychological faculty cadet of an FPS of Russia educational organization of higher education

In this article, the typology of a person's professional position is checked for basicity. The author establishes an unambiguous mutual correspondence of professional personality types according to D. Holland and the professional position typology based on the principle of semantic proximity. As a result, a new author's methodology is created for measuring the professional position of the personality of a cadet of the psychological faculty of an FPS of Russia educational organization of higher education. The research subject is a typological, system-based approach, which makes it possible to obtain measurable, orderly, complete information on the personal characteristics of the cadets’ professional position. The purpose of the study is to create a new methodology for measuring information about the professional position of an individual based on the use of a system-based typological approach. The article uses the basic method of studying the typology of the professional position of the personality of a psychological faculty student of the VILE of the FPS of Russia. The relevance of research. Professional difficulties of a practical psychologist are associated with the choice and application of specific methods in his work. In theoretical studies aimed at creation of methods, it is important to take into account the mechanism of typologizing the psychological characteristics of a person. In modern reality, practical psychologists are faced with the problem of the lack of their own methods aimed at personality research. Their development requires specific innovative technologies for creating measuring instruments that allow solving a specific diagnostic problem for a practical psychologist. The methodological basis of the research was made up of theoretical (analysis, synthesis, induction), system-structural, formallogical, empirical methods, and a statistical method for processing empirical data. The novelty of the research lies in the creation, on the basis of the system-based analysis of various personality typologies, of the author's methodology aimed at studying the characteristics of the professional position of the personality of a future psychologist of the penal system and identifying the types of professional position. The criterion validity of the author's method was confirmed using a diagnostic reference test. The types of the professional position of the personality of a psychologist of the FPS of Russia educational organizations of higher education were rechecked for completeness and orderliness. Conclusions are made about the correspondence between the characteristics of the types of the personality's professional position and the types of the professional orientation of the personality, which was established on the basis of the principle of semantic proximity. The author's created methodology for measuring the psychological characteristics of the professional position of the personality of a future psychologist will allow studying the issues of the professional position formation of a departmental psychologist. The field of application of the results of the study is not only purely scientific, but also practical. The use of this methodology will allow us to study the process of formation of a professional position in specific cadets during their training in FPS of Russia educational institutions of higher education. This kind of monitoring will contribute to the implementation of the most effective teaching and educational impact and, ultimately, the formation of the most mature professional position among cadets studying at the psychological faculty. Key words: consistency, basicity, measurability, professional types, professional position, semantic closeness.

Basic model of resocialization of convicts

Purpose of the study: development of directions and basic model of resocialization of convicts. This study uses a three-factor dichotomous baseline model of convict resocialization with a single “external-internal” dichotomy. This model defines the “vectors of development” of a convict and shows the common factors of this process, which correctional officers need to consider when organizing re-socialization work with this category of people. The research resulted in conclusions from the analysis of three factor-categories of pedagogy: “education”, “training” and “education”, determining the objective (external) position of the individual, and “self-learning” and “self-education”, determining the subjective (internal) position of the individual. While using the principle of “semantic proximity”, a three-factor basic-dichotomous “superimposition” of these factors-categories of pedagogy on such concepts as “values”, “activity”, “intellect” has been performed. This “superposition” results in three combined basic psycho-pedagogical factors (“value education”, “active learning”, “intellectual education”). From this model, it becomes clear what direction correctional officers should work in terms of “developing the consciousness” of the convict, given the factors in question. The novelty of the study is that the work shows specific examples of activities performed by the staff with convicts, which are associated with the implementation of these factors and the impact on the process of resocialization.