Online Independent Versus Laboratory-Based Stop-Signal Task Performance: A Within-Subjects Counterbalanced Comparison Study (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Considered a facet of behavioural impulsivity, response inhibition facilitates adaptive and goal-directed behaviour. It is often assessed using the Stop-Signal Task (SST), which is presented on stand-alone computers under controlled laboratory conditions. Sample size may consequently be a function of cost/time and sample diversity constrained to those willing/able to attend the lab. Statistical power and generalisability of results might, in turn, be impacted. Such limitations may potentially be overcome via the implementation of online testing. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate if there were differences between variables derived from an online SST when it was undertaken independently – that is, outside the laboratory, on any computer, and in the absence of researchers – versus when it was performed under laboratory conditions. METHODS We programmed a web-based SST in HTML and JavaScript and employed a counter-balanced design. A total of 166 individuals (Mage = 19.72, SD = 1.85, range: 18-36, 88% female) were recruited. Of these, n = 79 undertook the independent task prior to visiting the laboratory and n = 78 completed the independent task following their laboratory visit. Average time between SST testing was 3.72 days (SD = 2.86). Dependent samples and Bayesian paired samples t-tests were utilised to examine differences between lab-based and independent SST variables. Correlational analyses were conducted on stop-signal reaction times (SSRT). RESULTS After exclusions, 123 participants (Mage = 19.73, SD = 1.97) completed the SST both in the laboratory and independently. While participants were less accurate on go trials and exhibited reduced inhibitory control when undertaking the independent – as compared to the lab-based – SST, there was a positive association between the SSRT of each condition (r = .48, P < .001, 95% CI [0.33, 0.61]). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest an online SST, which participants undertake on any computer, in any location, and in the absence of the researcher, is a suitable measure of response inhibition.

Pembelajaran Berbasis Sentra Peran dalam Upaya Stimulus Sikap Mandiri Anak Usia 0-2 Tahun di TPA 01 SUKAMAJU

This study aims to increase children's independence through the learning method based on the dramatization center at TPA 01 SUKAMAJU. This research is a classroom action research, conducted in two cycles. The subjects of this study were four children consisting of friends who seemed to e students.. The method of data collection is done through observation. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative and quantitative techniques. The results showed that the children's independence increased through the dramatization center learning. The child plays the movements and sounds of the chicken animal then the teacher gives an independent task in the form of tasting the chicken shape, the child does it by himself then the teacher gives reinforcement in the form of messages and motivation to be independent.

Generalizable prediction of stimulus-independent, task-unrelated thought from functional brain networks

Neural substrates of “mind wandering” have been widely reported, yet experiments have varied in their contexts and their definitions of this psychological phenomenon, limiting generalizability. We aimed to develop and test the generalizability, specificity, and clinical relevance of a functional brain network-based marker for a well-defined feature of mind wandering—stimulus-independent, task-unrelated thought (SITUT). Combining functional MRI (fMRI) with online experience sampling in healthy adults, we defined a connectome-wide model of inter-regional coupling—dominated by default-frontoparietal control subnetwork interactions—that predicted trial-by-trial SITUT fluctuations within novel individuals. Model predictions generalized in an independent sample of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) adults. In three additional resting-state fMRI studies (total n=1,115), including healthy and ADHD populations, we demonstrated further prediction of SITUT (at modest effect sizes) defined using multiple trait-level and in-scanner measures. Our findings suggest that SITUT is represented within a common pattern of brain network interactions across time scales, populations, and contexts.

Formation of stages of the mechanism of corruption crimes: obstruction of investigation

The subject of this research is consideration of the questions of formation of the mechanism of corruption crimes and obstruction of investigation thereof. The author examines the elements of the stage-by-stage formation of corruption crimes: initial stage, main stage, and final stage (result of committing an offense). &nbsp;The subject of crime is defined as a special subject with administrative or other powers in accordance with the law. The author reviews various methods of corruption crimes and the attributes of misfeasance; as well as determines the key distinguishing feature of corruption crimes &ndash; use of powers or position by an official, etc. The main conclusion consists in the statement that the problems of obstruction of investigation are common to investigation of corruption crimes, which is explained by the fact that the detection of this type of offenses ant subsequent investigation pertains to special subjects. This poses a separate, independent task of overcoming obstruction of investigation and application of different methods of overcoming. Analysis of the practice demonstrates that penal sanctions for such crimes are imposed at the lowest possible sanction of the criminal article, and in some cases &ndash;&nbsp; a suspended sentence; there is evidence of not only investigative and judicial errors, but also instances of investigative and judicial arbitrariness. This results in non-application of penalties to the offender, and the worst part &ndash; prosecuting the innocent. The examined materials on corruption crimes confirm the fact of obstruction of investigation in virtually every case, which presses the need for the development of forensic doctrine on overcoming obstruction of investigation.

Personal and professional reliability in the structure of professional qualities of a specialist of the EMERCOM of Russia

The article considers the structure of personal and professional reliability of specialists of EMERCOM of Russia, working in the conditions interfaced to risk for life. The analysis of factors influencing the professional and personal reliability of a specialist of the EMERCOM of Russia is given. The relevance of this research is due to the need to study various parameters of reliability of the EMERCOM of Russia specialist. The author shows that the personal and professional reliability of a specialist of the EMERCOM of Russia is a characteristic of personal characteristics and qualities that determine the stability of standard normative behavior in terms of personal reliability in professional activities. At the same time, another important parameter of personal and professional reliability is the moral qualities of the specialist, his spiritual and moral maturity. In modern conditions of performing professional duties, the problem of studying the personal and professional qualities of EMERCOM specialists in Russia is of particular importance. The author conducted a theoretical and methodological analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature on the topic. The results of research conducted with the EMERCOM of Russia specialists on the study of personal and professional qualities are presented. Theoretical and methodological analysis of the reliability problem shows that it is not considered as an independent task and is not established in the traditionally existing systems of selection( selection), training, and support of specialists.

Use of Work Systems to Increase the Independence of Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Developing skills for functional independence is important to gain employment, engage in postsecondary education, and live independently. Unfortunately, individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience difficulties with functional independence skills needed to complete common, everyday tasks. This study examined the effects of work systems to increase independent task initiation and completion of tasks in home settings completed by three adolescents with ASD. The work systems were implemented by parents. Results indicated parent-implemented work systems are effective at increasing the task initiation and completion of everyday tasks, completed by adolescents with ASD.