Did Aristotle Use a Laptop? A Question Answering Benchmark with Implicit Reasoning Strategies

A key limitation in current datasets for multi-hop reasoning is that the required steps for answering the question are mentioned in it explicitly. In this work, we introduce StrategyQA, a question answering (QA) benchmark where the required reasoning steps are implicit in the question, and should be inferred using a strategy. A fundamental challenge in this setup is how to elicit such creative questions from crowdsourcing workers, while covering a broad range of potential strategies. We propose a data collection procedure that combines term-based priming to inspire annotators, careful control over the annotator population, and adversarial filtering for eliminating reasoning shortcuts. Moreover, we annotate each question with (1) a decomposition into reasoning steps for answering it, and (2) Wikipedia paragraphs that contain the answers to each step. Overall, StrategyQA includes 2,780 examples, each consisting of a strategy question, its decomposition, and evidence paragraphs. Analysis shows that questions in StrategyQA are short, topic-diverse, and cover a wide range of strategies. Empirically, we show that humans perform well (87%) on this task, while our best baseline reaches an accuracy of ∼ 66%.

A Facially Coordinating Tris-Benzimidazole Ligand for Nonheme Iron Enzyme Models: Biomimetic or Radical Aerobic Oxidation?

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of new ligands and iron complexes for mononuclear nonheme iron oxygenase structural models. Catalytic studies with these new complexes and known reported catalysts highlight the need for careful control reactions when carrying out aerobic oxidations.

Rehabilitasi terhadap Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika di Badan Narkotika Nasional Provinsi Bali

Narcotics continues to be produced at this time in addition to medicine as well as for the development of scientific studies. Narcotics, on the one hand, is a drug or substance that is useful in the field of medicine or health services and scientific development, on the other hand, it can lead to dependence and cause harm if it is not used properly and without strict and careful control and supervision. When used irregularly according to dosages, it can be physically and mentally damaging for those who use it to become dependent. This study aims to determine the procedures for implementing rehabilitation of victims of narcotics abuse and the obstacles faced by the National Narcotics Agency of Bali Province in rehabilitating narcotics abuse at the National Narcotics Agency of Bali Province. This research uses the normative method because there are still vague norms, based on the opinion of the undergraduate law and law.

Water content control during solution-based polymerization: a key to reach extremely high conductivity in PEDOT thin films

A careful control of the water content during PEDOT polymerization allow to reach extremely high electrical conductivity.

3C-SiC Growth on Inverted Silicon Pyramids Patterned Substrate

This work reports on the properties of cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) grown epitaxially on a patterned silicon substrate composed of squared inverted silicon pyramids (ISP). This compliant substrate prevents stacking faults, usually found at the SiC/Si interface, from reaching the surface. We investigated the effect of the size of the inverted pyramid on the epilayer quality. We noted that anti-phase boundaries (APBs) develop between adjacent faces of the pyramid and that the SiC/Si interfaces have the same polarity on both pyramid faces. The structure of the heterointerface was investigated. Moreover, due to the emergence of APB at the vertex of the pyramid, voids buried on the epilayer form. We demonstrated that careful control of the growth parameters allows modification of the height of the void and the density of APBs, improving SiC epitaxy quality.

PiNCeR: a corpus of cued-rate multiple picture naming in Dutch

PiNCeR is a corpus of speech recordings from Dutch speakers who named pictures at different speaking rates. Participants named pre-familiarised ˈ(C)CV.CVC words (e.g., snavel [ˈsnaː.vəl] “beak”) from line drawings displayed in groups of 8 arranged on a ‘clock face’. A cursor moved clockwise from picture to picture to indicate at which of three trained rates (fast, medium and slow) participants were required to name the pictures. Annotation was performed using the POnSS tool (Rodd, Decuyper, & ten Bosch, 2019), where manual and automatic segmentation is combined to yield accurate word onsets and offsets. To detect the onset and offset times of syllables within words, we identified excursions of above-average acoustic instability between the vowel of the initial syllable and the first consonant of the second syllable (Rodd, Bosker, ten Bosch, & Ernestus, 2019). This approach was licensed by careful control of segmental content in the target words to maximise correspondence between acoustics and articulation. The PiNCeR corpus was intended for use in modelling control of speaking rate (Rodd, Bosker, Ernestus, et al., 2019), but may be of interest for other purposes. Trial-level recordings from two related experiments are made available for 25 participants (12 for Experiment 1, 13 for Experiment 2), along with the onset and offset times of the words and the syllables.

Pyrrolidinodiones in Enol-Ugi, Enol-Passerini, and Anomalous Enol-Passerini Condensations

In continuation of our recent research on the development of novel multicomponent reactions with isocyanides, we have used, for the first time, enols as the acid components in Ugi- and Passerini-type reactions. Thus, electron-poor pyrrolidinodiones react with aldehydes, amines, and isocyanides to give the enaminic four-component adducts. Conversely, in the absence of the amine component, careful control of the reaction conditions allows the involvement of one or two molecules of isocyanide to afford, selectively, either Passerini-type or pseudo-enol-Ugi-type products. These unprecedented condensations of isocyanides, aldehydes, amines, and 4-substituted pyrrolidine-2,3-diones constitute an excellent strategy for the preparation of new biologically relevant pyrrolidinones having peptidic or pseudo-peptidic groups on carbon 3.

Making Radio Talk

This chapter considers emerging forms of radio speech developed for formats ranging from scheduled talks to professional announcing. Disrupting established styles of public speaking, radio offered rich subject matter for the new discipline of speech communication, which helped to formalize new rules favoring a well-modulated delivery with restrained, natural speech and careful control over rate, pitch, and enunciation. Three larger sets of cultural tensions impacted these emerging announcing practices: (1) tensions surrounding a standardized national speech movement and its implicit regional, gender, and class biases; (2) concerns over an emergent culture of personality that informed debates on desired degrees of formality and informality in radio speech; and (3) long-standing concerns over disembodied communication-at-a-distance exacerbated by radio’s severing of voices from speakers' physical bodies. Resulting efforts to discipline the radio voice spurred important shifts in period voice culture that resonated across fields from rhetoric and theater to film and phonograph entertainment.