The relationship of estrus character before double dose artificial insemination in Limousin Crossbred cow

Ongole cattle in smallholder farms on Java, Indonesia, have been crossed with Limousin, which is not controlled repeatedly. The character of estrus affects the success of Artificial Insemination. This study aimed to determine the relationship between estrus characters before double dose artificial insemination using frozen semen sexing. The research was conducted in Senggreng Village, Sumber Pucung District, Malang Regency. The material was 45 head of Limousin crossbred cow inseminated using sexing semen produced by the Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center (SNAIC). The sexed semen processed with the Percoll Density Gradient Centrifugation (PDGC) method. The average body value of cows between 3-5 (scale 1-9) with an average age of 1.8-7 years, normal reproduction, clear signs of estrus. The reproductive organs were examined by rectal palpation to confirm that the cows are not pregnant. Parameters of estrus character were vulvar color, cervical mucus, vaginal temperature, pH, vulvar swelling, and heat detector value. The result showed that the estrus characters, including vulva color, vulva swelling, cervical mucus, vaginal temperature, cervical mucus pH, and heat detector score in the first and second artificial insemination have a low relationship. The regression models produced can be used but are less precise to estimate the relationship between estrus characters because the coefficient of determination shows a low influence.

Mapping Analysis of Active Fire Protection System on Dormitory Building in X University

Introduction: Fire cases increase in residential buildings because short circuits, at dormitories are mostly affected by human factors. X university dormitory building is a place for 24 hours of students’ activities with a lot of electricity consumption, bad behavior; overpowering extensions, and many flammable objects such as paper and furniture. Research objectives are to investigate the appropriateness and mapping needs of fire protection systems with regulations. Methods: The research is a semi quantitative analysis. Primary data is conducted with observations by using a checklist form that refers to the regulations and results of managers' interviews. The obtained data are categorized into good with suitability >79-100%, moderate ≥60%-79% and poor <60%. Result: The appropriateness of the active fire protection system is under 60% or in the poor category. The appropriateness of the fire extinguisher is 47.77%, the hydrant is 58.75%, the alarm is 18.75% and the heat detector is 35.90%. There is no sprinkler installation in the dormitory building and no commitment from the top management regarding occupational safety and health. Fire extinguisher’s need is 10 tubes per floor, the number of hydrants have been fulfilled, alarm requires an additional 1 unit on each floor and a heat detector requires a total of 114 units. Conclusion: The active fire protection system is still under 60% (poor category) and no maintenances. Based on the aforementioned mapping results, it needs to add the number of piece equipment according to the regulations and maintenance efforts.Keywords: active fire protection system, dormitory, mapping

Calculated assessment of effectiveness of class B fire suppression using automatic fire sprinkler systems

Introduction. The problem of timely activation of fire sprinkler systems is highly relevant for effective fire suppression before the critical moment, when calculated values applied to extinguish the fire, become ineffective. A number of works address the problem of effective application of the fire sprinkler system to Class A fires. The application of such methods to Class B fires has not yet been considered.The model simulating a fire in a room with an automatic fire extinguishing system. The response time assessment model, developed by the co-authors for an automatic water-consuming fire sprinkler system, allows to identify the velocity of flame spreading over the surface of an HFL/CL spillage and the temperature rise rate in the ceiling area in the case of a B class fire.A sprinkler is triggered by the bulb bursting caused by the thermal effect produced by the ascending convection flow. A model has been developed to determine the response time of a fire sprinkler system exposed to the effect of a heat flow, caused by the Class B fire, on a heat-sensitive sprinkler bulb.Activation of a fire sprinkler system by the rate-of-rise heat detector. A model, designated for determining the activation time of a rate-of-rise heat detector, was developed.Examples. A number of examples, illustrating the response time of traditional, deluge, and forced launch fire sprinkler systems, are provided in the article.Conclusions. The obtained formula allows to quickly check the applicability of different types of fire sprinkler systems to ensure the effective protection of premises in which class B fires may break out.

Penurunan Durasi Berbaring Harian Sapi Berahi, sebagai Peluang untuk Dijadikan Teknologi Otomatisasi Peringatan Dini Sapi Berahi

ABSTRAK. Saat ini sudah tersedia berbagai produk teknologi monitoring kesehatan ternak berdasarkan analisis tingkah laku ternak. Namun belum ada teknologi monitoring berdasarkan tingkah laku yang cocok untuk pemeliharaan intensif seperti di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dasar teknologi monitoring sapi berahi berdasarkan perubahan total durasi berbaring harian antara sapi berahi dengan non berahi. Sebanyak 18 ekor sapi betina Peranakan Ongole (PO) sehat reproduksi ditempatkan pada kandang individu yang terpantau kamera selama 24 jam. Pengambilan data foto posisi berbaring atau berdiri sapi dilakukan tiap 2 menit. Dilakukan penjumlahan durasi total berdiri dan berbaring harian selama satu siklus berahi. Penentuan kondisi berahi menggunakan metode visual dan menggunakan heat detector “Brunstmessgerat”. Uji T test berpasangan dilakukan untuk membandingkan rata-rata berbaring harian sapi non berahi dengan durasi harian sapi berahi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lama siklus berahi adalah sebesar 20,3 ± 1,5 hari yang mengindikasikan sapi sehat secara reproduksi dan mendapatkan ketercukupan nutrisi pakan. Data total durasi berbaring harian yang didapatkan dari hasil tangkapan foto kamera menunjukkan sebaran data yang terdistribusi normal dan terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara total durasi berbaring harian sapi berahi 49,83% dengan rata-rata total durasi berbaring harian sapi non berahi 53,60%. Hasil ini membuka peluang untuk dikembangkan menjadi teknologi monitoring sapi berahi berdasarkan perbedaan tingkah laku berbaring sapi. (Decreasing of the total daily lying behavior on oestrus cow, as an opportunity to become an automatic warning system for oestrus cows) ABSTRACT. Today, various livestock health monitoring technology products based on the analysis of livestock behavior are available. However, there is no behavior-based monitoring technology suitable for intensive maintenance such as in Indonesia. This study aims is to obtain the basic monitoring technology for heat cows based on changes of the total daily lying behavior duration between oestrus and non oestrus cows. A total of 18 healthy PO cows were placed in individual pan which were monitored by the camera in 24 hours a day. Collecting photo data from lying or standing position of the cow was done every 2 minutes. The total duration of daily standing and lying behavior for one oestrus cycle was done. The determination of the heat condition used a visual method and a heat detector manufactured by Brunstmessgerat. Paired T-test was conducted to compare the average daily lying behavior of oestrus and non oestrus cows. The results showed that the oestrus cycle length was 20,3 ± 1,5 days, which indicated that the cows were reproductively healthy and had adequate feed nutrition. The total daily lying behavior duration data obtained from the camera photo captures showed that the distribution of data is normally distributed and there is a significant difference between the total daily lying behavior duration of oestrus 49,83% and non oestrus 53,60%. This result opens the opportunity to be developed into a monitoring technology for oestrus cows based on differences in the lying behavior.

The efficiency assessment of an automatic sprinkler system

Introduction. Сases of ineffective activation of automatic sprinkler fire-fighting systems (AFFS), designed pursuant to current standards, have made it necessary to address the following three issues: a) identification of reasons for ineffective activation; b) examination of AFFS systems to ensure their successful activation in case of fire; c) making a list of recommendations for AFFS designers. These issues can be resolved with reference to Appendix B to new SP (Construction Regulations) 485.13130.2020.Maximal critical height of sprinkler placement. Models of fire development were used to design the roof height limit and the AFFS bulb heating time. If the ceiling height exceeds the limit value, sprinklers cannot be activated in a timely manner. This leads to delays in the AFFS activation, and, as a result, the fire area exceeds the one safeguarded by the sprinkler.Acceptable sprinkler height. The analysis of fire scenarios and bulb heating models allows to more accurately project the feasibility of timely AFFS activation. This, in turn, allows to solve the three above listed problems.Using a differential heat detector to activate sprinklers. If it is established that the use of the AFFS, activating sprinklers by means of thermal destruction of a bulb, is ineffective in a given room, the feasibility of forced AFFS activation using a differential heat detector responding to the temperature rise in a room may be considered. The ratios, thus obtained, are applied to identify the acceptable height of premises protected by the AFFS equipped with such detectors. Problem solutions, including the identification of the reason for the ineffective operation of the AFFS, examination of the AFFS in operation, and provision of recommendations to designers, are demonstrated using the exhibition hall as an example.Conclusions. The above-mentioned problems are resolvable with the help of Appendix B to new Construction Regulations 485.13130.2020 and the above models.

Experimental Study on the Availability of Fire Detection Using Gas Sensors for Air Quality Measurement

This study tested gas sensors used to measure indoor air quality to explore the feasibility of using them as detection sensors in case of fire. A B-class fire environment was implemented in the compartment (ISO 9705 standard fire room), and four types of high- and low- accuracy and priced gas sensors (Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, t-VOC) used for indoor air quality measurement were installed. From ignition of the fuel to alarming of the heat detector, the responses from the sensors were analyzed. The results revealed the following: 1) Among the four types of sensors, CO and t-VOC sensors were effective as fire detection sensors in terms of their concentration increase and response time. 2) Low-accuracy CO₂ and CH₄ sensors were not effective in fire detection as they responded late relatively to CO and t-VOC sensors. 3) It was confirmed that low-accuracy gas sensors are feasible for use for fire detection in that they showed valid increase in concentration before the heat detector alarms. However, as only liquid combustible (Heptane) was applied as a fire source, analysis in an environment where different types of combustibles are used will be necessary in the future.

DB Construction of Activation Temperature and Response Time Index for Domestic Fixed-temperature Heat Detectors in Ceiling Jet Flow

The accurate prediction of fire detector activation time is required to ensure the reliability of fire modeling during the safety assessment of performance-based fire safety design. The main objective of this study is to determine the activation temperature and the response time index (RTI) of a fixed heat detector, which are the main input factors of a fixed-temperature heat detector applied to the fire dynamics simulator (FDS), a typical fire model. Therefore, a fire detector evaluator, which is a fire detector experimental apparatus, was applied, and 10 types of domestic fixed-temperature heat detectors were selected through a product recognition survey. It was found that there were significant differences in the activation temperature and RTI among the detectors. Additionally, the detector activation time of the FDS with the measured DB can be predicted more accurately. Finally, the DB of the activation temperature and RTI of the fixed-temperature heat detectors with reliability was provided.

Hubungan antara skor hasil bacaan heat detector dengan gambaran sitologi vagina sebagai parameter penentuan estrus pada kambing

This study aimed to determine the relationship between heat detector reading results and the feature of vaginal swab preparations as a parameter for determining estrus in Peranakan Etawa goats. Five healthy non-pregnant goats weighing 20-30 kg, were synchronized using PGF2α (7.5 mg Dinoprost, Enzaprost) intramuscularly twice with 11 days interval. Vaginal cytology examination began the day after the second PGF2α injection. The heat detector (Draminski®, Dramiński SA, Poland) is an estrus detecting device based on the amount of electric current flowing through the vaginal mucus. Spearman correlation analysis showed a relationship (p <0.05) between heat detector reading and estrus detection based on vaginal cytology. The heat detector readings were very significantly correlated positively (p <0.01) with the number of epithelial cells (coefficient correlation, r= 0.564), but negatively correlated with the number of cornified cells (r = –0.854), and also significantly correlated positively (p <0.05) to the number of leukocytes (r = 0.487). The estrus stages were significantly correlated positively (p <0.05) only to the number of leukocytes (r = 0.918). Likewise, the number of epithelial cells was highly correlated negatively (p <0.01) only to cornified cells (r = –0,643), and the number of cornified cells was significantly correlated negatively (p <0.05) only to the number of leukocytes (r = –0.472). It could be concluded that the features of the proestrus, estrus and metestrus stages based on the goat vaginal cytology was correlated with the reading results of the heat detector.