Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends Related to Carbon Sources for Nitrogen Removal in Wastewater Treatment

The low organic carbon content of municipal wastewater weakens the effectiveness of biological nitrogen removal. Here, we review recent trends in carbon sources for nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment. A bibliometric analysis, using the Science Citation Index Expanded database from the Web of Science, was performed to analyze articles published in this field from 2000 to 2019. The major points are the following: (1) the publications from China ranked 1st, followed by the USA and Japan during the statistical period. In terms of research institutions, the Chinese Academy of Sciences was the largest contributor with the most publications. (2) Based on the trend analysis of keywords, future research hotspots are discussed, showing that of the related research on external carbon sources, the research focus on traditional carbon sources (methanol, ethanol, etc.) has decreased. The research focused on alternative carbon sources, such as sludge hydrolytic acidification liquid, fermentation liquid of food waste, agricultural waste, and biodegradable polymers, has increased. (3) New nitrogen removal technologies without external carbon sources, such as anammox is becoming increasingly popular. (4) In the study of nitrogen removal, more attention is paid to the change in the microbial community, and the biological mechanism of nitrogen removal is discussed from a microscopic perspective.

THE USE OF NANO AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RAW MATERIALS IN THE CREATION OF DRUGS FOR AGRICULTURE

The article is devoted to the consideration of the possibility of using fullerene-containing water as part of humic growth-stimulating preparations for agriculture with the addition of yeast production waste. More recently, the problems of the economy and the environment were perceived as opposite. Currently, there is a need for a mutually dependent and mutually beneficial combination of economic and environmental interests, which was the basis for this study. The analysis of the wastewater of the yeast-producing enterprise shows the presence of a large number of chemical and organic substances that pose a certain danger to the environment, but are useful after processing waste for use in agriculture. The largest number of substances is found in waste, after the stage of production of pure culture. The experiment shows that the use of structured water in combination with biologically active waste from the production of bread yeast obtained on the basis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain increases the yield of grain crops. Based on the established fact of a wide and universal spectrum of biological activity of the water-carbon structure of hydrated fullerenes, according to patent and scientific and technical literature, they have not been widely tested as plant growth regulators. We will investigate the interaction of substances with water structured with fullerenes, the effect of surfactants on the formation and stability of emulsified humates with film-forming agents, the adhesive properties of the components, the effect of concentrated yeast fermentation liquid separated after the stage of growing a pure culture of baking yeast, the effect of both a fullerene-like structure – shungite of natural origin and hydrated fullerenes – highly stable finely dispersed aqueous solutions of native fullerenes (have the properties of lyophobic molecular colloidal systems) on grain yield, protection of vegetative plants. The result of the work will be the substantiation of the principles of the methodology for the application of nanostructured substances for use in biotechnologies of multifunctional highly effective drugs for agriculture with biologically active additives.

COMPOSITION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FOR CULTIVATION OF BRASSICA JUNCEA CZERN

cultivation of plant food objects, in particular, Brassica juncea czern (mustard seeds of the talisman variety). In addition, the issue of recycling of the most concentrated fermentation liquid, which is a waste after separation at the stage of growing a pure yeast culture, is solved. The growth-stimulating activity of "Humir-1", created on the basis of hydrated fullerenes (HyFn), (C60(H2O)n) and humates, as well "Humir-2" in which the mixture of hydrated fullerenes and humates was added to the supernatant of the fermentation fluid, in which a pure culture of yeast (strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was grown. Concentrated aqueous solutions of hydrated C60HyFn which are molecular colloidal systems of spherical fractal clusters, the structural unit of which is a strong, highly hydrophilic supramolecular complex consisting of a C60 fullerene molecule enclosed in the first hydrated shell containing 24 water molecules were used as a basis in “Humir” preparations. Humates, which is also part of the developed composition, in addition to stimulating growth, has a positive effect on the plant's immunity, helping to adapt to the environment and increase protection against its negative manifestations. The supernatant of the fermentation mixture, in which pure culture yeast was grown, is rich of vitamins, micro and macro elements, yeast residues, and also contains the dry matter of yeast rich in biologically active substances. The influence of the developed compositions on the efficiency of brassica juncea czern cultivation was studied in laboratory and field conditions on the basis of an experimental farm of the Dokuchaev Institute of Agriculture in Kharkiv region. As a result of research, it has been proved that the developed drug "Humir-2", in addition to increasing the yield of brassica juncea czern, increases photosynthetic activity, increases germination and germination energy. As a result, plants have a powerful developed root system and a significantly increased assimilation area of the Leaf.

THE FERMENTATION PROCESSING OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE: A SHORT REVIEW

In recent decades, the processing of traditional Chinese medicines has received widespread attention as people's requirements for safety and effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine have increased. Because of its theory and technical methods, the fermentation processing of traditional Chinese medicines has been distinct from other methods. Based on generalized fermentation, the fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine is based on collection of appropriate traditional Chinese medicinal materials for processing according to the characteristics of the bacteria, so that the original properties of the medicinal materials are modied and the effectiveness is increased. Strong fermentation, liquid fermentation, and two-way solid fermentation are popular fermentation methods. Currently, the study of traditional Chinese medicine's fermentation process has drawn wide interest from academics. In the future, in order to open up new avenues for fermentation and production of traditional Chinese medicine, the selection of fermenting microorganisms and the mode of action of strains in the fermentation phase need to be examined in depth.

Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL6 as a Biological Control Agent for Peanut Early Leaf Spot Caused by Passalora arachidicola

Peanut early leaf spot caused by Passalora arachidicola (Cercospora arachidicola), is a worldwide common fungal disease in peanut leaves, which occurs in all production areas in China. To obtain biocontrol resources to control peanut early leaf spot, 60 healthy peanut leaves were collected from major peanut production areas in Liaoning Province. A total of 563 strains were screened from these leaves. Eighteen strains showed differing levels of resistance against P. arachidicola. Among these strains, strain TL6 inhibited the pathogen most strongly, and the diameter of inhibition zone was 64.3 mm. This strain was able to inhibit 10 other types of pathogens. It was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on its morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical reactions and a comparative analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence. The fermentation liquor of strain TL6 was effective at controlling peanut early leaf spot, and the field control effect was above 69.17% after spraying the fermentation liquid of TL6. The field control effect was more than 40.96% after spraying the fermentation liquid diluted 200 times. The field control effect of the TL6 fermentation liquid diluted 200 times and including the addition of 500 gL-1 carbendazim diluted 1000 times inhibited P. arachidicola by 81.33%. The combination of TL6 and carbendazim had a significant synergistic effect. This strain of B. amyloliquefaciens shows promise for commercial development and application.