Recapturing the Meaning of Akhlāq Islāmiyyah: An Analysis of the Article “Akhlak” in the Encyclopedia of Islam

This paper will analytically study the Islamic meaning of akhlaq as portrayed by two Western writers in the article entitled “Akhlak” published in the Encyclopedia of Islam. The author highlights the contribution of Western scholars especially Walzer and Gibb to the understanding of history of the development of Islamic thought and disciplines. By employing the qualitative methodology, the author uses textual analysis and comparative method on the writings of both thinkers and others. Findings indicate that there are several weaknesses in the writing that include limiting the scope of akhlaq to practical ethics of selected virtues, the lacking of clear detachment between akhlaq and ethical thought, and others. Key words: Ethics, Akhlaq, Philosophy, Islam, Encyclopedia of Islam.

Déontologie : La méthode participative comme facteur d’acceptation et d’adhésion au code !

L’association belge de la communication interne (ABCI) a décidé en 2016, de réécrire son code de déontologie. Concevoir un document est une chose mais le faire accepter par ses utilisateurs en est une autre. Pour relever ce défi, l’ABCI a misé sur l’approche participative. Sur base de dix principes définis par le conseil d’administration, un groupe de réflexion, composé de cinq membres volontaires de l’association, s’attela à la rédaction d’un projet de charte. Ce dernier fut soumis à l’analyse critique de l’ensemble des membres de l’ABCI ainsi que d’un groupe d’étudiants en communication interne de l’université de Louvain. L’objectif poursuivi au travers de cette démarche visait non seulement à impliquer les professionnels de la communication dans l’élaboration du code mais aussi à répondre à leurs attentes. Les objections formulées permirent d’affiner le texte qui fut approuvé à l’unanimité en février 2017. Le code s’articule en deux parties : la mission et les six valeurs nécessaires à son exécution : intégrité, esprit de service, respect, orientation résultats, responsabilité et innovation. Mots clés : déontologie, mission, participation, adhésion, implication, outil de gestion. The Belgian Association for internal communication (ABCI) decided in 2016 to rewrite its code of ethics. Designing a document is one thing but getting it accepted by its users is another. To meet this challenge, the ABCI relied on the participatory approach. Based on 10 principles defined by the Board, a reflection group, consisting of five volunteer members of the association, started in the drafting of a charter. Subsequently, the latter was submitted to the critical analysis of all the members of the ABCI as well as a group of students in internal communication from the University of Louvain. The goal pursued through this approach was not only to involve communication professionals in the drafting of the code but to meet their expectations. The objections raised allowed to refine the text which was approved unanimously in February 2017. The code is divided into 2 parts: the mission and the six values for its execution, in this case: Integrity, service spirit, respect, results orientation, responsibility and innovation policy. Key Words : ethics, mission, involvement, adhesion, commitment, management tool

Algumas aproximações entre a Ética do Futuro, de Hans Jonas, e o modelo aristotélico para a Ecoética proposto por Pierre Aubenque/Some approximations between Hans Jonas’ ethics of future and the Pierre Aubenque’s proposal for the aristotelian model to the

Este trabalho pretende evidenciar aproximações entre propostas éticas de Hans Jonas (Alemanha,1903-EUA,1993) e Pierre Aubenque (França, 1929-). Ambos corroboram a tese que defende a prudência como a virtude da ética que se faz necessária nesses tempos de hegemonia tecnocientífica e economia baseada no consumo. Estes eminentes pensadores do século XX também apresentam críticas semelhantes em relação ao pensamento moderno, à ética kantiana e à supremacia da razão calculante. Ambos se inspiraram no imperativo categórico de Kant e elaboraram imperativos categóricos para uma nova ética, que o francês denominou ecoética, e o alemão de ética do futuro.Abstract: This work pretends to evidence approximations between the Hans Jonas’s (Germany, 1903-USA, 1993) and Pierre Aubenque’s (France, 1929-) ethical proposals. Both corroborate the thesis that defends the prudence as the necessary moral virtue in this technical-scientific hegemony and economy based on consumption time. These XX century’s eminent philosophers also show similar critiques to the modern thinking, to the Kantian ethics and to the calculating reason supremacy’s. Both felt inspired in the Kant’s categorical imperative to elaborate new categorical imperatives to a new ethics to our time, that the French one called Ecoethics and the Germany one, ethics of future. Key words: Ethics of future; Ecoethics; Prudence.

Libertad Y Alteridad, Hacia Una Fundamentación Ética Y Educativa Del Cuidado Ambiental.

Resumen El presente ensayo pretende ofrecer una información básica, rigurosa y fundamentada sobre la ética ambiental. Es urgente avanzar en la construcción de una teorí­a ética que sea capaz de enfrentar los problemas planteados al hombre de hoy por la extensión y profundidad de su poder sobre la naturaleza. Es necesario afirmar la dignidad ontológica de los seres vivos y la capacidad real de transformación o de elaboración de las posibilidades que nos ofrece la naturaleza. Palabras claves: ética, naturaleza, libertad, alteridad, responsabilidad. Summary: This essay pretends to offer basic, severe and supported information about environmental ethics. It is urgent to make progress on the construction of an ethical theory able to face the problems set out on today’s human beings because of the extension and deepness of their power over nature. It is necessary to state the ontological dignity of living beings and the actual capacity of transformation or production of the possibilities that nature offers us. Key words: ethics, nature, freedom, otherness, responsibility.

СПЕЦИФІКА ЕТИЧНОГО ЗАХИСТУ ВЧИТЕЛЯ ПІД ЧАС РОЗВ’ЯЗАННЯ ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО КОНФЛІКТУ

У статті розглядаються основні функції та прийоми етичного захисту вчителя при розв’язанні педагогічних конфліктів.Ключові слова: етичний захист вчителя, педагогічний конфлікт, педагогічний такт. The article focuses on proving the pedagogical teachers cooperation, teachers connection of professional and communicative culture are the considered. Key words: ethics defence, pedagogical conflict, pedagogical tаct.

Ethics, Law, and Pain Management as a Patient Right

Ethical and legal considerations in pain management typically relate to 2 issues. The first refers to pain management as a human right. The second involves the nature of the patient-physician relationship as it relates to pain management. Although pain physicians often like to think of pain management as a human right, it remains difficult to support this position as a point of law or as a matter of ethics. Medical organizations generally do not define pain management as a specific duty of the physician, apart from the provision of competent medical care. To date, neither law nor ethics creates a duty of care outside of the traditional patient-physician relationship. Absent a universal duty, no universal right exists. Pursuing pain management as a fundamental human right, although laudable, may place the power of the government in the middle of the patient-physician relationship. Despite apparent altruistic motives, attempts to define pain management as a basic human right could have unintended consequences, such as nationalization of medicine to ensure provision of pain management for all patients. Key words: Ethics, law, patient-physician relationship, human right, pain management

A responsabilidade como princípio ético em H. Jonas e E. Levinas: uma aproximação

A responsabilidade enquanto princípio ético, embora seja evocada pelos filósofos clássicos, desde a antiguidade ao existencialismo, assume novas perspectivas a partir do pensamento de Hans Jonas e Levinas. Ambos a colocam como centro da ética. Com Jonas a responsabilidade não é mais centrada no passado e no presente. A sua preocupação é com o futuro da humanidade, com as gerações futuras e com a sobrevivência das mesmas. Diferente de Platão, Jonas não está preocupado com a eternidade, mas com o tempo vindouro, compatível com a era da ciência e da tecnologia, cuja responsabilidade passa a ser o alicerce, o princípio orientador para as decisões que possam interferir nas diferentes formas de vida. Levinas, por sua vez, também se afasta da tradição filosófica na medida em que não aceita mais a tese de que a responsabilidade é decorrente da liberdade. A responsabilidade não nasce de uma boa vontade, de um sujeito autônomo que quer livremente se comprometer com o outro ser. Ela nasce como resposta a um chamado. A responsabilidade é o fundamento primeiro e essencial da estrutura ética, a qual não aparece como suplemento de uma base existencial prévia. Aquém do ser se encontra uma subjetividade capaz de escutar a voz, sem palavras de um dizer original, e aponta para uma outra dimensão do eu. Prévio ao ato de consciência, anterior ao sujeito intencional, o eu já responde a um chamado. A responsabilidade pelo outro ser precede a representação conceitual ou a mediação de um mandamento ético. Ela é obediência a uma vocação, a uma eleição pelo bem além do ser. A responsabilidade determina a liberdade do eu, pois esta não consegue mais se justificar por ela mesma. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Ética. Liberdade. Jonas. Levinas. Responsabilidade. ABSTRACT Responsibility qua ethical principle, however evoked by classical philosophers from Antiquity through existentialism, assumes new perspectives since the contributions of Hans Jonas and Levinas. Both place it at the center of ethics. With Jonas, responsibility no longer focuses on past and present. His concern is rather with the future of humankind, with future generations and their survival. Contrary to Plato, Jonas is not concerned with eternity, but with the time to come, compatible with the era of science and technology, whose responsibility becomes the groundwork and guiding principle for decisions that might interfere in different life forms. As for Levinas, he also departs from the philosophical tradition insofar as he rejects the thesis that responsibility results from freedom. Responsibility does not stem from a good will, from an autonomous subject who freely wants to be engaged with another being. Responsibility rather emerges as response to a call, it is the first, essential ground of ethical structure, which cannot appear as a supplement of a previous existential basis. Even before Being, one finds a subjectivity capable of listening to a voice, without words, of an originary saying, and points to another dimension of the self. Previous to the act of consciousness, anterior to the intentional subject, the self already responds to the call. Responsibility towards the other being precedes the conceptual representation or the mediation of an ethical commandment. It is obedience to a vocation, to an election by the Good beyond Being. Responsibility determines the freedom of the self, since the lattercan no longer be justified by itself. KEY WORDS – Ethics, Freedom, Jonas, Levinas, Responsibility.

Perspectivas de uma fundamentação pragmático-lingüística

Este artigo analisa a distinção entre dois tipos de fundamentação, a lógico-semântica e a pragmático-lingüística, a partir da perspectiva habermasiana. Esta última apresenta, para a justificação das normas morais, uma ética do discurso. Operando ainda em outro registro, procura-se mostrar que o esquema habermasiano, inicialmente voltado para a moral, pode aplicar-se à política, quando as proposições políticas são tratadas de modo análogo às morais. Nesse caso, utilizam-se os conceitos habermasianos como operadores. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Ética. Política. Atos de fala. Atitude performativa. Agir comunicativo. Discurso. ABSTRACT This article offers an analysis of the distinction between two types of argumentation, namely the logic-semantic and the so-called pragmatic- linguistic approach. The last one presents, for the justification of moral norms, an ethics of discourse. Dealing with another aspect as well, it attempts to show that Habermas’s scheme, initially devoted to moral thought, may be applied to politics, whenever political propositions are treated analogously to moral ones. In that case, concepts of Habermas’s theory are used merely as operators. KEY WORDS – Ethics. Politics. Speech acts. Performative attitude. Communicative action. Speech.

Normes internationales de justice et globalisation de l’ethique

O artigo procura mostrar que sem uma comunidade civil democratizante de justificação, em lugar do atual sistema internacional, as normas da justiça global não passam de uma ficção, uma mera expressão do imperialismo cultural e político, um instrumento de controle e dominação dos povos em escala mundial, segundo um modelo colonizador ampliado que torna as declarações dos direitos humanos inoperantes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Direitos humanos. Ética. Habermas. Justiça global. Normas internacionais. Rawls. ABSTRACT The article seeks to show that without a civil, democratizing community of justification, replacing the current international system, the norms of global justice remain a fiction, a mere expression of cultural and political imperialism, an instrument of control and domination of the peoples worldwide, according to an enlarged colonizing model which render the declarations of human rights inoperative. KEY WORDS – Ethics. Global justice. Habermas. Human rights. International norms. Rawls.