Design and Implementation of Carbon Nano-tube based Full Adder at 32nm Technology for High Speed and Power Efficient Arithmetic Applications

Due to physical, material, technological, power-thermal and economical difficulties, scaling of CMOS transistors will stop very soon. Due to efficiency of power and speed compared to CMOS transistors, Carbon Nano-tube transistors are best suitable element to design logic circuits. So, CNTFETS have been utilized in designing of proposed full adder (FA) and 4-bit ripple carry adder (RCA) in this paper. Proposed FA and RCA have been compared to rival designs on bases of power, speed and power-delay-product (PDP). FA and RCA circuits have been analysed with the variation of temperature from 0°C to 100°C while the variation of supply voltages is from 0.7V to 1.3V. For all temperatures and all supply voltages, proposed FA and proposed RCA have the least power consumption, shortest delay and lowest PDP. SPICE has been utilized for simulating FAs and RCAs in 32 nm process node. Even though the fabrication is complicated than CMOS counterparts but simulation results confirm usefulness of proposed FA and RCA for high speed and power efficient arithmetic applications.

EFEKAT FACIJALNE EKSPRESIJE EMOCIJA, TIPA I NIVOA MOĆI NA ZAKLJUČIVANJE O DOMINANTNOSTI OPAŽENE OSOBE

Drawing inferences of the perceived dominance of individuals is an important process which helps to regulate social interaction. Existing research indicates that inferences of the dominance of social actors can be drawn based on various social cues, including facial expression of emotion. While perceived anger usually leads to an inference of high, and perceived sadness of low dominance, perceived happiness does not create such unambiguous impressions. To achieve a clearer image, the bases and level of perceived power, specifically reward power and expertise power, were taken into consideration, both of which could be either high or low. The study included 100 participants (women = 71), first and second year psychology students. The within subject 3x2x2 design was used with Expression (happiness vs. anger vs. sadness) x Bases of power (reward power vs. expert power) x Level of power (high vs. low). Dominance was a dependent variable operationalized through the semantic differential scale. The stimuli were photographs of faces, controlled for gender and age, which displayed the aforementioned facial expressions. In the case of reward power, a significant expressed emotion x level of power interaction emerged. In the case of expert power, there was only signifficant main effect of facial expression on dominance perception. The findings were analyzed according to the various expectations of the participants, formed during the process of socialization. It could be concluded that for more insight into the mechanism which lies at the core of the effect that facial expression of emotions has on perceived dominance, the profession of the perceived individual also needs to be taken into consideration. Key words: facial expression, bases of power, level of power, dominance

Audit committee oversight of external audit: an examination of structural power and behavioural tactics

PurposeThis study aims to examine the structural power wielded by the audit committee (AC) and the various bases of its power, whilst also exploring the behavioural tactics used by the AC to leverage its power in the oversight of the external audit. Design/methodology/approachEmpirical evidence was drawn from semi-structured interviews with external auditors and AC members in Malaysia. FindingsThe AC’s structural power is derived from its formal and network position in the organisation. The AC possesses three forms of organisational-based power (legitimate, coercive and informational) resultant from its formal position, and these combine with the AC’s personal power (will and expert). The AC uses its personal power base to develop trusting relationships and to promote the exchange of information with other key corporate governance actors in the network position. Furthermore, the AC applies at least four behavioural tactics (assertiveness, ingratiation, rationality and coalition formation) to exercise its bases of power. Originality/valueThis study attempts to describe the AC’s structural sources of power, its organisational and personal power bases, and the behavioural tactics it uses when exerting its power.

Sustainability and green practices: the role of stakeholder power in fast-food franchise chains

Purpose This paper aims to explore how the power of salient stakeholders involved in the green waste management of franchise chains can impact the ability of the chains to change their green practices. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study is based on interview data from 19 franchisors and their head office staff operating in the fast-food sector in France where franchise chains have been ‘named and shamed’ as continuing to ignore waste management regulation. Findings The findings suggest that both the form and bases of power of different stakeholder groups have important implications for the implementation of green practices, even those required by law. The authors find that the franchisees’ central network position alters the ability of franchisors to directly engage in dialog, consult with, and educate key stakeholders, creating additional challenges for franchisors in the implementation process. Research limitations/implications The qualitative nature of the study limits the extent to which the findings can be generalized. Future studies could develop an instrument to assess franchisor perceptions of stakeholder power. Practical implications The findings suggest that franchisors should consider carefully how they communicate changes to green practices to their franchisees to ensure not only their compliance but also their motivation to engage with those stakeholders with whom they have regular interactions. The findings can also help governments to better understand how to involve other stakeholders to ensure effective environmental legislation. Originality/value The study is the first, to the authors’ knowledge, to consider the role of stakeholders in the implementation of green practices in franchise chains. By examining franchise chains, this paper provides new insights into the role of an additional stakeholder, the franchisee and enriches the literature on green practices in the hospitality sector.

Impact of Organisational Politics on Employee Turnover and Employee Performance

The Power is one’s ability to influence other people. Influence is the process of affecting the person mentally or emotionally. When employees in an organization convert their powers into action politics comes into existence. Those with good political skills have the ability to use their bases of power vigorously. Politics concerns to the ways people gain and use power. Thus, organizational politics means the use of energy, strength and influence in organizations. Many researches have been conducted in various sectors to demonstrate the impact of Organizational Politics (OP). The aim of this study was to find the impact of organizational politics on employee turnover & employee performance in case of private sector banks. This study also finds out various factors underlying employee turnover & employee performance. To achieve the object of the study questionnaire survey was used. The results show that there is a significant impact of Organizational Politics on Employee Turnover but there is no significant impact of Organizational Politics on Employee Performance among private bank employees.

Anteseden leader endorsement: Perspektif teori identitas sosial

Salah satu kunci dari efektivitas kepemimpinan adalah bagaimana seorang pemimpin diterima dan didukung oleh bawahannya (leader endorsement). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi dukungan bawahan terhadap pemimpin berdasarkan teori identitas sosial. Artikel ini memiliki hipotesis bahwa prototipikalitas pemimpin (leader prototypicality) dan personal bases of power dari pemimpin (expert power dan referent power) memengaruhi dukungan bawahan terhadap pemimpinnya. Menggunakan online surveys kami berhasil mendapatkan partisipan sebanyak 135 karyawan dari berbagai perusahaan swasta di Indonesia. Reliabilitas masing-masing alat ukur yang digunakan berkisar antara 0,80 – 0,90. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa: (1) leader prototypicality tidak signifikan memengaruhi leader endorsement (β = .124; p < .05); (2) leaders’ expert power (β = .767; p < .01) dan leaders’ referent power (β = .363; p < .01) signifikan memengaruhi leader endorsement. Faktor tersebut mampu memprediksi varian leader endorsement sebesar 78,3%, F(3.94) = 56.706, p < .01. Temuan penelitian ini dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap perkembangan teori identitas sosial bahwa pada konteks perusahaan swasta, identitas sosial pemimpin bukan menjadi faktor yang menentukan terbentuknya dukungan terhadap pemimpin.

The VC Office and the Concentration of Capital

Profiling New York–based venture capitalists and VC firms that have been established in the city since the early 2000s, the chapter examines their risky but privileged perch between Wall Street and Silicon Valley. Interviews with VCs are juxtaposed with the post–World War II history of venture capital as a distinctive form of investment and management. The VCs’ equally distinctive commitment to New York is then contrasted with the increasing geographical dispersal of their investment funds to other regions of the world. Meanwhile, the integration of some corporate and VC members of the tech “community” into New York’s business establishment suggests the formation of a local tech-financial elite, updating C. Wright Mills’s critique of the institutional bases of power.

As Influências da Liderança nos Ambientes Organizacionais

Preparar-se para os desafios com a mudança e alcançar seu melhor resultado requer o uso de ferramentas práticas e eficazes, que nos ajude na gestão, incentivo, coragem e a flexibilidade. Pois, insano é continuar a fazer o que sempre se fez, desejando conquistar resultados diferentes, assim o tema liderança possui uma grande influência histórica devido a sua trajetória em todas as bases de poder e gestão da sociedade. Apesar de ser algo muito debatido, os estilos de liderança e a forma entendimento tem muitas vertentes devido as raízes sociológicas e culturas que desafiam as mentalidades conceituais. O objetivo do artigo foi identificar em uma pesquisa de 352 pessoas na cidade de Curitiba-PR, com um questionário contendo 12 perguntas com características quantitativas e qualitativas. A pesquisa na sua grande maioria foi realizada com pessoas com ensino superior completo, assim foi possível constatar a relação da liderança com um público alvo que tem uma profissão consolidada e que já possuem um cargo de liderança, que almejam ou desenvolvem o papel de liderança ou tem contato com líderes. Na análise dos resultados observou-se o perfil do líder na visão das organizações na forma de hierarquia com os estágios: estratégico, tático e operacional e as suas relações, buscando identificar comportamentos da liderança com maior efetividade nas organizações. A conclusão do artigo foi relatar as considerações da liderança nas relações organizacionais e os perfis de líderes que estabelecem as maiores influências diante das metas organizacionais. Palavras-chave: Influência. Liderança. Mudança. Perfil. Abstract Preparing for the challenges with change and achieving your best results requires the use of practical and effective tools that help us in management, encouragement, courage and flexibility. For it is insane to continue doing what has always been done, wishing to achieve different results, so the topic leadership has a great historical influence due to its trajectory in all bases of power and management of society. Despite being much debated, leadership styles and understanding form have many strands due to the sociological roots and cultures that challenge the conceptual mentalities. The objective of the article was to identify in a survey of 352 people in the city of Curitiba-PR, with a questionnaire containing 12 questions with quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The majority of the research was carried out with people with higher education, so it was possible to verify the relationship of leadership with a target audience that has a consolidated profession and that already hold a leadership position, that aim or develop the leadership role or has contact with leaders. In the analysis of the results, we observed the profile of the leader in the hierarchical organization of the hierarchy with the stages: strategic, tactical and operational and their relationships, seeking to identify leadership behaviors with greater effectiveness in organizations. The conclusion of the article was to report the considerations of leadership in organizational relationships and the profiles of leaders that establish the major influences in the face of organizational goals. Keywords: Change. Influence. Leadership. Profile.

Principals’ conceptions of teachers’ power basis: a phenomenographic study

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the various ways in which a group of principals conceptualize the power basis of teachers within teacher–principal interactions. Design/methodology/approach The present study takes power as a potential to influence people as it was conceptualized in the taxonomy developed by French and Raven (1959/1968) and Raven (1993). This taxonomy was also used to discuss the conceptions emerged in the interview data. A total of 16 principals, 8 from public schools and 8 from private schools, were interviewed. Findings The phenomenographic analysis of the interviews with the 16 principals revealed five ways of understanding teachers’ power basis. These conceptions (in the form of categories of description) were: (a) the principal’s sense of reciprocity, (b) teachers’ field-specific knowledge, (c) teachers’ administrative experience, (d) teachers’ union affiliation and (e) teachers’ legal rights. Categories (a) and (b) were common to all the study’s participants. Category (c) was unique to participants from private schools, while categories (d) and (e) were unique to participants from public schools. Research limitations/implications Three topics – the subtler forms of legitimate power, the issue of teacher tenure and the influence of unions on the educational system – appeared to have potential for interesting future studies in the field of educational management. Practical implications There is an apparent need to include social power as a course component in preparatory programs for educational administrators. The revised power taxonomy, which took its final form after the revisions made by Raven (1993), appeared to be an adequate explanatory theory to understand the teachers’ bases of power, and as such, it can be used to structure the content of the course about power interactions in school settings. In addition, the Turkish Ministry of National Education should handle the issue of unions’ improper influence over the educational system and take necessary measures in order to maintain the effective functioning of public schools. Originality/value To date, subordinates’ bases of power as a research subject has apparently been ignored. The present study is the first to reveal variations in the ways that school principals conceptualize teachers’ basis of power. Although the study data were collected in one city in Turkey, the research implications drawn from its findings can inspire interest in this neglected field of study all around the world.