THE EFFECT OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL REALISM (AL-MAŻHAB AL-WĀQI’Ī) TOWARD MODERN ARABIC LITERATURE / PENGARUH ALIRAN REALISME (AL-MAŻHAB AL-WĀQI’Ī) BARAT TERHADAP SASTRA ARAB MODERN

This study aims to find out the intricacies of philosophical realism (al-Mażhab al-Wāqi’ī) and its influence on modern Arabic literature. It is undeniable that literary genre that grew up in the west have had a great influence on the development of literature in the world, including Arabic. This research was a literature review that used a qualitative descriptive method by examining and reviewing several related literature. The result showed that realism emerged as a response to the romanticism philosophy which tends to the subjectivity of writers and the depiction of objects that are full of imagination. Furthermore, the western realism has also influenced modern Arabic literature, both poetry and prose. Realism made Arabic poets aware that love poems were no longer relevant to the reality of the people who were in the midst of crisis due to colonialism. Writers began to invigorate the principles of statehood, nationality, and humanity. However, the adoption of western realism, in some aspects, is contrary to Islamic values. This philosophy directs literature towards materialism, atheism, fulfillment of physical needs, and so on.

Is the Copenhagen Interpretation Compatible with Philosophical Realism?

How are quantum mechanics and realism related? This paper will discuss whether or not the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics and the doctrine of philosophical realism are compatible. To answer this question, this paper will first introduce quantum mechanics and the Copenhagen Interpretation in terms of the particle in the box experiment. Then, philosophical realism will be introduced and defined. Finally, the relationship between the Copenhagen Interpretation and philosophical realism will be evaluated. Several points of the Copenhagen Interpretation appear to contradict philosophical realism; thus, it can be concluded that the Copenhagen Interpretation is not compatible with philosophical realism.

The Conspiracy of Objects

The task this essay set for itself is a reconsideration of the status of the “object” in contemporary forms of philosophical realism that postulate “flat ontologies.” I argue that the theoretical construction of the “object” often comes about in these ontologies through a fetishistic disavowal that effectively makes these objects speak. As a result, the construction of the generalized field of objectivity (according to which everything that exists is an object) passes through a double articulation. On the one hand, since contemporary realism defines itself as a rejection of all forms of linguistic idealism, it also tries to shift the focus away from human language as the primary medium of the construction of objectivity. On the other hand, however, this demotion of language proceeds in these works simultaneously with the elevation of the concept of “translation” to an ontological principle: these non-linguistic objects exist through their perpetual translations of each other. The fetishistic disavowal at work in realism (we know very well that objects do not speak, yet we act as if objectivity had to be construed as a field of translation) introduces the modality of fiction into the very heart of objectivity. This fictional dimension constitutive of objectivity can be described through an engagement of the Kantian notion of “purposiveness.” I argue that these translations that supposedly constitute objectivity rest on the fundamental presupposition that guides the entire Kantian system: we must presuppose purposiveness even where we can detect no evidence of it at all. Hence, today, the theory of the “democracy of objects” must be supplemented by its necessary correlate, a theory of the “conspiracy of objects.”

Representation, Perception and Cinematic Realism

The Introduction focuses upon general concepts related to cinematic realism, covering ideas related to philosophical realism, Gibson, Harré, externalism, the notion of Umwelt, and recent philosophical writings on the nature of film. The Introduction also focuses on notions of representation and presentation, phenomenology, the nature of the filmic object, and the relationship between light and the cinematic image.

Die Rückkehr des Realen

We are witnessing a return of the real which philosophy seems illequipped to handle. I argue (1) that this return of the real must be read as a rejection of those philosophical tendencies which were prevalent in the past decades and which I call philosophies of mediation: They supplanted all references to something real by the sole reference to those processes in which reality was supposed to be given or shaped (in interpretations, linguistic structures, historical or social conditions, media…). The current urgency of the question of the real indicates that those philosophies have lost credibility. On the other hand (2), the contemporary attempts to resuscitate philosophical realism cannot be considered satisfactory either. It is curiously the real itself they fail to fully appreciate. All in all (3), the return of the real has to be interpreted as the effect of an event that has little to do with philosophy, namely the return of politics.

Hus, Jan (c.1369–1415)

From his appointment as rector of the Bethlehem chapel in Prague in 1402 until his execution at the Council of Constance in 1415, Jan Hus advanced the goals of an ecclesiastical reform movement with Czech national overtones. Hus’ ministerial and academic posts provided a broad platform for his leadership. He preached tenaciously against clerical abuses. At the University of Prague he taught philosophical and ecclesiological doctrines which, his opponents charged, were taken from the radical Oxford reformer, John Wyclif. Whereas Wyclif’s philosophical realism (for example, the indestructibility of ‘being’) led him to adopt several positions condemned as heretical, Hus’ polemic, in which he castigated the fiscalization and bureaucratization of the papacy, sprang more from his ideals of evangelical minority and apostolic poverty.

A crítica de Gilbert Keith Chesterton à filosofia moderna a partir da filosofia do senso comum

O presente artigo busca compreender a crítica de Gilbert Keith Chesterton à filosofia moderna a partir da filosofia do senso comum. Para tal intento, primeiramente é apresentado o realismo filosófico segundo Chesterton. Em seguida, se descreve o abandono dos primeiros princípios filosóficos pela filosofia moderna e suas consequências para a sanidade mental do homem. Enfim, explicita-se a defesa da filosofia do senso comum como meio para se chegar a uma visão verdadeira da realidade. Para a construção de tal pesquisa, as principais fontes bibliográficas utilizadas foram os livros Hereges, Ortodoxia e Chesterton e o Universo, bem como obras de comentadores e estudiosos. Com a pesquisa se espera um aprofundamento no pensamento de G. K. Chesterton e na sua proposta de retorno à filosofia do senso comum, como sendo uma filosofia capaz de devolver ao homem a sanidade mental.Palavras-chave: Chesterton. Realismo. Senso comum.Abstract: The present article consists on investigation that, through bibliographic exploratory method, searches to comprehend the Gilbert Keith Chesterton’s critic to the modern philosophy from the common sense philosophy. For this intent, firstly is presented the philosophical realism according to Gilbert Keith Chesterton. After, it described the abandonment of the first philosophical principles by the modern philosophy and its consequences to the man’s mental sanity. Finally, it will be explicated (ou “exemplified”) the defense of the common sense philosophy as way to become a truly vision of reality, according to Chesterton. To the construction of this research, the main bibliographic sources used was the books: Hereges, Ortodoxia and Chesterton e o Universo, as well commentators works and students of the G. K. Chesterton’s thinking. With the research is waited a deepening in the Chesterton’s thinking in his proposal of return to the common sense philosophy, as a philosophy capable to give back to the man his mental sanity.Keywords: Chesterton. Realism. Common sense.

Beyond Realism

Martin Woessner places ideas about literary and philosophical realism in tension with what he takes to be Coetzee’s aims as a post-secular writer. In Woessner’s argument, Coetzee’s fiction exhibits a ‘yearning for transcendence’ that invites readers to participate in states that are ‘beyond realism’. Situating Coetzee in relation to a range of post-secular thinkers, Woessner focuses on his handling of several religious concepts, including redemption, salvation, and grace. He argues that Coetzee should be understood as an author who provides a space for the transcendental imagination, in a way that affirms Richard Rorty’s claim that the ‘search for redemption’ lives on in our secular age in ‘novels, plays, and poems’.