Accuracy of Paper Point Technique for Final Working Length Measurement after Canal Preparation

Objective: The aim this study was to check the accuracy of paper point technique for final working length measurement after canal preparation. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial Place and Duration: Study was performed in department of operative dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro for one year duration from January 2017 to December 2017. Methodology: This study was performed on 78 patients divided equally into two groups. In one group working length was established by using electronic apex locator while in second group working length was established by using electronic apex locator with paper point technique. To check the working length master apical gutta percha point (GP point) was inserted into canal and radiograph were taken by paralleling angle technique. Results: There were 34 (43.6%) males while 44 (56.4%) patients were females. Mean age of patients was 30.5±8.9 years. Mean tooth number was 28.8±11.0. Group A is concerned that was treated only with Electronic Apex Locator showed lesser number of acceptable length than group B. on the other hand, group B was treated with electronic apex locator and paper point technique showed higher acceptable length of respondents with a difference of 4 frequencies or 7% in excess. A less value of chi-square test showed relationship between observed and expected data; whereas, significance value indicated no significant difference between group A and B. Conclusion: Paper point technique is as reliable as other techniques for final working length measurement. Key Words: Electronic Apex Locator, Paper Point Technique, Endodontic Working Length

Oil Spill Combat Strategy & Lesson Learnt of Balikpapan Spill

Among many discussions on effective response strategies during oil spill response operations at sea, this paper elaborates comprehensive information on oil spill combat strategy and lesson learnt from Balikpapan Spill incident. The author tries to shown the effectiveness of assessment and surveillance prior to oil spill response operation, oil spill response strategies and monitoring after oil spill response operation. The paper point out strategies used by OSCT Indonesia as National Oil Spill Response Organization on responding the oil spill incident. Focusing on taking tactical response according to experience gained from previous oil spill incident, the paper also mentions the importance of unified command between local authorities and company for easier coordination. Other than strategies and effective response, wildlife response become one of the difficulties faced onsite the field due to diverse wildlife and lack of wildlife response knowledge and trained experts. Learn from this recent oil spill experience, may enrich the knowledge on responding to such oil spill incident at similar condition and area.

Enforcement of public notary documents

By passing the Law on Public Notaries, the Serbian legislator regulates the issue of the operation of public notaries, their services and activities. The modern public notary practice represents a specific legal activity which contributes to the rise of legal security and the de-congestion of courts. It also leads to a more efficient exercise of the citizens rights and the realization of their civil rights much faster and more easily. A public notary performs a public service autonomously and independently being the party's independent commissioner, and his/her participation in preparing the documents attests to their truthfulness and content. As a result, public notary documents occupy a significant place in contemporary legal transactions. According to the Law on Public Notaries, public notary documents have the property of enforceability, under certain conditions they can provide a basis to directly institute enforcement proceedings before a court of law when the stipulated conditions are satisfied. It is deemed a positive and very useful legal solution, because of which the authors will, in this paper, point out some relevant key points and specific features regarding the enforcement of public notary documents.

Celebration of Đuren in Prizrenska Gora: A contribution to the research

In this paper the author presents several main elements of the celebration of Đuren among the Gorani in Prizrenska Gora, an event which, according to the date of the event, coincides with the celebration of Ortodox St. George's Day. The elements of Đuren's celebration the author tries to present taking into account its actors, and the clear spatial and temporal frameworks in which they take place. With this approach, the aim of the paper is to offer a concrete, precise presentation of the main elements of Đuren's celebration, which could be used as an ethnographic material for repeated research of the same phenomenon and comparative monitoring of its duration and possible changes within its structure. The results presented in the paper were obtained from the field research conducted in Gorani village of Vraništa at the end of 2018 and during the celebration of Đuren in 2019. The results achieved by the research showed that the main elements of Đuren's celebration include phenomena of a public, collective character, which imply a mass gathering of members of the Gorani community, and which the Gorani in Prizrenska Gora perceive as a feature of their culture and part of their tradition. Viewed chronologically, the elements of a collective character on the occasion of the celebration of Đuren, recorded in the village of Vraništa, include muzika, tupani and korzo. The content of these elements indicates the solemn character of Đuren's celebration, by which it can be described as a festivity, composed of music and dance segments. Based on ethnographic material collected in 2018-2019, it can be seen that the characteristics of the celebration of Đuren, mentioned by researchers who have dealt with this phenomenon in previous years and decades, are noticeable even today, which testifies of the importance that this event still has for the Gorani. The results presented in the paper point to the conclusion about the continuity of the researched phenomena, which importance is reflected especially from the aspect of their role as a factor by which the Gorani express their belonging to their community. The presented material also indicates the importance of the elements of Đuren's celebration from the aspect of maintaining and establishing ties among the Gorani (especially among youth), but it also raises the question of the role of these elements as a way of expressing gender and generational structure within the Gorani community. The results of the research, finally, point out all the complexity of celebrating Đuren as an event. The elements of this event, the dynamics of their duration, the structure and the role they play in the life of the Gorani, not only in the village of Vraništa, but also in other villages in Prizrenska Gora, have yet to be researched in more detail.

Aspects of eco-innovation during the pandemic in a global environment

Research background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected lives of every society. As a result of a pandemic, companies have to face the consequences and challenges associated with this situation, which also manifest in a global environment. The negatives caused by the pandemic began to appear in deglobalization trends, which required national economies to behave nationally in selected areas and seek solutions to address the negative impacts within their own possibilities. The pandemic has caused significant changes in the market, both on the part of sellers and buyers. Recently, their attention has been focused on the development of sustainability through the introduction of eco-innovation. Purpose of the article: The paper deals with selected theoretical and practical aspects of eco-innovation during a pandemic in a global environment. Methods: The data were obtained by a means of questionnaire and consequently evaluated by the chosen statistical methods. Findings & Value added: The results presented in the paper point to the deglobalization trend within the concept of socially responsible business based on the principles of sustainability as an integral part of the strategy based on the quote "Think Global, Act Local". The term "global" does not emphasize a global perspective, as we have understood them so far, but rather refers to the inclusiveness of the environment caused by a pandemic.

Comparison of DNA Extracted from Pediatric Saliva, Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Site-Specific Biofilm Samples

(1) Introduction: Due to the non-invasive nature of saliva, many methods have been used to isolate and collect DNA from saliva samples for microbial screening. Many oral microbes also inhabit the oral biofilm, which may represent significantly different microbial constituents that may contribute to oral health and disease, including caries and periodontal disorders. Moreover, the biofilm may vary within the same patient at different sites. Few studies have evaluated the comparison between DNA isolated from saliva and DNA from site-specific biofilm, with virtually no studies addressing this analysis among pediatric patients. (2) Methods: An existing repository of paper point derived biofilm, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and unstimulated saliva samples previously collected from pediatric patients (n = 47) was identified. DNA was isolated from biofilm sites (tongue, upper buccal molar, mandibular lingual incisor), and GCF and saliva were used for quantitative DNA comparison using a phenol:chloroform extraction. A quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed using the NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer using absorbance readings at A230 nm, A260 nm and A280 nm. (3) Results: These data demonstrated the successful isolation of DNA from all of the patient samples, with the highest concentrations observed among unstimulated saliva (4264.1 ng/μL) and the lowest derived from GCF (1771.5 ng/μL). No differences were observed between males and females or minorities and non-minority patients. In addition, comparison of the overall concentrations of DNA obtained from adult samples was slightly higher than, but not significantly different from, the concentrations obtained from pediatric samples (p = 0.2827). A real-time quantitative qPCR screening revealed that all of the samples evaluated harbored bacterial and human DNA of sufficient quantity and quality for a molecular screening greater than the limit of detection (ΔRn = 0.01). (4) Conclusions: Many methods are currently available to provide the sampling and screening of saliva and specific sites within the oral cavity, but the validation and comparison of simple and low-cost methods, that include paper point sampling and unstimulated saliva collection, may suggest these methods and protocols provide sufficient DNA quality and quantity for molecular screening and other comparison applications. In addition, although heterogeneity will be a constant and consistent feature between patient samples, standardized methods that provide similar and consistent DNA from various oral sites may provide needed consistency for screening and molecular analysis.

PERBEDAAN KADAR INTERLEUKIN-1β PADA CAIRAN SULKUS GINGIVA PADA AKTIVASI PERANTI ORTODONTI LEPASAN

Latar Belakang : Tekanan mekanis yang ringan pada aktivasi peranti lepasan menimbulkan respon inflamasi pada jaringan periodontal. Interleukin-1β merupakan salah satu sitokin inflamasi yang kadarnya meningkat dalam cairan sulkus gingiva disekitar gigi yang bergerak. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar interleukin-1β pada aktivasi peranti ortodonti lepasan pada waktu 0 jam, 24 jam dan 48 jam setelah aktivasi dengan pemberian tekanan mekanis. Metode : Jenis penelitian ini adalah Observasional analitik. Sebanyak 6 pasien yang bersedia ikut dalam penelitian diambil sebagai subjek penelitian dengan kondisi maloklusi gigi insisivus bawah yang berjejal. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan 3 waktu , 0 jam sebelum pemberian tekanan, 24 jam dan 48 jam setelah pemberian tekanan. Cairan sulkus gingiva diambil dengan paper point pada gigi insisivus bawah yang diberi tekanan ringan pada klamer simpel sebesar 20-26 gr/cm2. Sampel selanjutnya diperiksa dengan metode ELISA ( Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ) dengan reagen Human ELISA kit interleukin-1β. Data yang didapat dianalisis dengan uji t paired. Hasil : Hasil penelitian didapat rerata kadar interleukin-1β pada waktu 0 jam, 24 jam dan 48 jam adalah 0,39 pq/ml, 0,93 pq/ml dan 0,69 pq/ml. Uji statistik dengan t paired tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan kadar interleukin-1β antara 0 jam dengan 24 jam dan antara 24 jam dengan 48 jam, dengan p>0,05. Kesimpulan : Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tekanan mekanis pada aktivasi peranti ortodonti lepasan menimbulkan respon inflamasi akut yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar interleukin-1β pada waktu 24 jam dan menurun pada waktu 48 jam.Kata Kunci : Kadar interleukin-1β, aktivasi peranti, peranti ortodonti lepasan

Quantitative Comparison of Oral Site-specific DNA Isolates Reveals Differential Outcomes

Introduction: More and more evidence has accumulated that suggests salivary sampling may provide direct analysis of oral conditions and microbial constituents, but may also be useful in the diagnosis and early detection of other chronic diseases. Although multiple methods of oral sampling currently exist, some methods are prohibitively expensive or based upon technologies not ubiquitously available at public health centers or state-funded colleges. This study provides a comparative analysis of DNA concentrations and quality from five specific oral sites derived using sterile paper points, including the gingival crevice between the upper central incisors, biofilm of the upper first molar, lingual incisor, and the dorsum of the tongue for comparison with unstimulated saliva collection. Methods: This study analyzed previously collected unstimulated saliva and paper point samples. In brief, DNA was isolated from each using TRIzol (phenol: Chloroform) extraction and DNA quantification and quality was measured using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer at 260 and 280 nm. Results: Analysis of Paper Point (PP) biofilm sampling sites from upper first molar, lower incisor, and dorsum of the tongue revealed similar average DNA concentrations, ranging between 14,342 ng/uL and 14,402 ng/uL (p=0.9851). Although variations were observed between different patients, samples from different oral sites within the same patient were strikingly similar, R=0.8355. Comparison of DNA isolated from fluids, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and unstimulated saliva revealed average DNA concentrations that were similar to the biofilm sampling sites (14,686 ng/uL and 13,743 ng/uL, respectively), which were not significantly different from one another (p=0.7893). DNA concentrations ranged considerably between patients (low = 4,410 ng/uL; high = 48,783 ng/uL), but were most similar with different samples (GCF, saliva) from the same patient (Pearson’s R=0.6979). In addition, DNA purity measured by A260:A280 nm absorbance did not reveal any significant difference among sampling sites (range 1.62 – 1.70; p=0.427). Discussion: Although many methods are available to provide oral sampling, simple and low-cost methods such as paper point sampling, unstimulated saliva collection and buccal swabs may represent tools that provide sufficient DNA quality and quantity for molecular screening. In addition, although heterogeneity between patient samples will always be present – samples from various oral sites within the same patient may provide roughly equivalent DNA samples for further screening and molecular analysis.

Technical and legal conditions of the ship’s LNG bunkering operations in Polish ports

The article discusses the technical methods of carrying out the bunkering of sea-going vessels with LNG fuel coming from transport tanks delivered to the port by trucks. Authors indicates the necessity of applying appropriate safety standards when selecting the LNG transfer location and the adjustment of LNG fuel transfer procedures from transport containers to DFE-powered vessels. The paper point to the urgent need to adapt national legal provisions regarding the organization of transfer places, as well as the implementation of bunkering of ships with LNG fuel in Polish ports.

Price convergence patterns across U.S. States

This study examines the convergence patterns of prices across 50 U.S. states over the period 1960-2007, by applying the convergence algorithm developed by Peter C. B. Phillips and Donggyu Sul (2007). The empirical findings suggest the rejection of full convergence across the 50 U.S. states? prices, and the presence of 11 subgroups, or convergence clubs. The main implications of this paper point to the low degree of market integration across the U.S. states, the limitations of using a unique national price deflator to calculate real U.S. state variables, and the different effects that national monetary policy decisions will have on U.S. state prices.