Current Status on Canine Foetal Fluid and Adnexa Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

: Effective standards of care treatment guidelines have been developed for many canine diseases. However, a subpopulation of patients is partially or completely refractory to these protocols, so their owners seek novel therapies such as treatments with MSCs. Although in dogs, as with human medicine, the most studied MSCs sources have been bone marrow and adipose tissue, in recent years, many researchers have drawn attention towards alternative sources, such as foetal adnexa and fluid, since they possess many advantages over bone marrow and adipose tissue. Foetal adnexa and fluid could be considered as discarded material; therefore, sampling is non-invasive, inexpensive and free from ethical considerations. Furthermore, MSCs derived from foetal adnexa and fluid preserve some of the characteristics of the primitive embryonic layers from which they originate and seem to present immune-modulatory properties that make them a good candidate for allo- and xenotransplantation. The aim of the present review is to offer an update on the state of the art on canine MSCs derived from foetal adnexa and fluid focusing on the findings in their clinical setting.

First Report on Molecular Diagnosis and Phylogenetic Analysis of Hepatozoon canis in Naturally Infected Domesticated and Stray Dogs from Jhang, Pakistan

Canine diseases, particularly caused by tick-borne hepatozoons are responsible for high morbidity and mortality and are the reason for attracting significant focus. The current study was aimed to survey the occurrence of H. canis in domesticated and stray dogs of Jhang city (Punjab) with its molecular identification. For this, blood samples from 300 dogs (n=200 domesticated; n=100 stray) were collected and assayed through PCR for the detection of H. canis supported by sequencing analysis. The results demonstrated, 15.66% (47/300) of samples positive for H. canis. A significantly (P<0.05) higher occurrence of H. canis was observed in stray dogs (27%) than domesticated dogs (10%). Evaluation of the various risk factors showed that the age, sex, breed, dog category (domestic or stray), body coat, environmental settings (rural or urban) and ectoparasitic infestation were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the occurrence of infection. The phylogenetic analysis of the PCR confirmed specimens revealed a very close homology of the detected strains with the ones diagnosed earlier in China and Malta. It was concluded that present moderate prevalence of H. canis among the dog populations in the area of Jhang may rise with stray dogs being most vulnerable hosts and potential source of vectors spread. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Imaging findings for Atlanto-occipital assimilation with multiple cervical vertebral anomalies in a Beagle dog: A 2 year follow-up

A 3-year-old male Beagle dog was presented for a physical examination, which revealed a mild stiff neck that was affecting movement. The imaging modalities led to our diagnosis of an asymmetric fusion of the occipital condyle and atlas wing consistent with Atlanto-occipital assimilation (AOA). An incomplete ossification of the atlas and axis, dysplastic dens, and a blocked vertebra were also noted. During a two-year follow-up, the dog showed no other clinical signs or disease progression. To our knowledge, this is the first imaging description of AOA in veterinary medicine. We recommend a careful CT (computed tomography) and an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) evaluation in cases of neck pain and cervical myelopathy, and inclusion of AOA among the differential diagnoses, with the awareness that its clinical signs resemble those of other canine diseases.

Dog Disease Expert System Using Certainty Factor Method

Many animal keepers at home who do not know the disease contained in the animal's body. Especially for dogs, the lack of information begins to provide care, hygiene, vaccinations for the health of pet dogs and sickles that will be caused by dogs to their owners. Expert systems can provide solutions to the lack of information obtained by pet dog owners, especially dogs. With this expert system, the owner can know the dog's disease and realize the right prevention in treatment. In this paper 25, physical symptoms of the disease are used and found 8 types of common dog diseases. Five options are given to answer the calculation question using each method: no, quite sure, sure enough, certain, and certainty sure. Accuracy Analysis of each method is tested by assessing the results of each analysis method based on user feedback. The results of this study are the application of an expert system that can diagnose dogs using herbal medicines from plants. The purpose of this study is to implement the certainty factor method in the diagnosis system of canine diseases that can provide space in providing value confidence in knowledge. The conclusion in this study will show some questions as indicators of the characteristics of canine disease, until the final question. The conclusion of the study using the certainty factor method will show the characteristics of the disease in dogs. By being obtained from Rabies (0.9) with easy to get angry refuse nomal food; Hepatitis (0,9) with swelling of the liver occurs; Distemser (0,8) with stomach part blister and festering discharge from the eye; canine parvorius (0,8) with loss of appetite and poop there is blood, herpesvirus (0,8) with often roared and complaints, papilomatosis (0,9) with Smelly dog breath, and leptospirosis (0,7) with complaints, and dirofilaria immitis (0,9) with Unstable body temperature

Antimicrobial prescriptions and adherence to prudent use guidelines for selected canine diseases in Switzerland in 2016

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem in human and veterinary medicine and is closely linked to the use of antimicrobials. The objective of this study was to describe antimicrobial prescriptions for selected canine diseases in Switzerland during 2016.MethodsDogs presented to two university hospitals and 14 private practices for acute diarrhoea (AD; n=371), suspected or confirmed urinary tract infections (UTIs; n=245), respiratory tract infections (RTIs; n=274) or wound infections (WIs; n=175) were included. Clinical history, diagnostic work-up and antimicrobial prescription (class, dosage and duration) were retrospectively assessed. A justification score was applied to evaluate appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy based on available national and international consensus guidelines.ResultsAntimicrobials were prescribed in 65 per cent of dogs with AD, 88 per cent with UTI, 62 per cent with RTI and 90 per cent with WI. The most prescribed antimicrobial classes (monotherapy and combination therapy) were potentiated aminopenicillins (59 per cent), nitroimidazoles (22 per cent), non-potentiated aminopenicillins (16 per cent) and fluoroquinolones (13 per cent). Overall, 38 per cent (95 per cent CI 0.35 to 0.41) of the prescriptions were in accordance with consensus guidelines. In dogs with AD, antimicrobial therapy was associated with the presence of haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P<0.05) and complied in 32 per cent with consensus guidelines, which recommend antimicrobial treatment only when sepsis is suspected. A bacterial aetiology was confirmed via culture and/or sediment examination in 36 per cent of dogs with suspected UTI.ConclusionsOverall, adherence to consensus guidelines was poor both, at university hospitals and private practices. Antimicrobial stewardship measures are therefore needed to improve prudent use.

ZnO Nanoflower-Based NanoPCR as an Efficient Diagnostic Tool for Quick Diagnosis of Canine Vector-Borne Pathogens

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a unique technique in molecular biology and biotechnology for amplifying target DNA strands, and is also considered as a gold standard for the diagnosis of many canine diseases as well as many other infectious diseases. However, PCR still faces many challenges and issues related to its sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and turnaround time. To address these issues, we described the use of unique ZnO nanoflowers in PCR reaction and an efficient ZnO nanoflower-based PCR (nanoPCR) for the molecular diagnosis of canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs). A total of 1 mM of an aqueous solution of ZnO nanoflowers incorporated in PCR showed a significant enhancement of the PCR assay with respect to its sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of two important CVBDs, Babesia canis vogeli and Hepatozoon canis. Interestingly, it drastically reduced the turnaround time of the PCR assay without compromising the yield of the amplified DNA, which can be of benefit for veterinary practitioners for the improved management of diseases. This can be attributed to the favorable adsorption of ZnO nanoflowers to the DNA and thermal conductivity of ZnO nanoflowers. The unique ZnO nanoflower-assisted nanoPCR greatly improved the yield, purity, and quality of the amplified products, but the mechanism behind these properties and the effects and changes due to the different concentrations of ZnO nanoflowers in the PCR system needs to be further studied.

Development of monoclonal antibodies and simplified sandwich ELISA for canine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin A detection

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common canine diseases with a high mortality rate. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is the novel biomarker for early diagnosis of renal injury. Only few sandwich ELISA kits are commercially available, all of which require the use of expensive enzyme-conjugated secondary or biotinylated antibody. The aims of this study were to develop high affinity monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and simplified sandwich ELISA for canine NGAL detection. Results Recombinant canine NGAL was expressed in E. coli and purified to a high purity. Six hybridoma cell lines were generated by immunization of mice with the purified protein, all of which secreted high titers of specific mAbs. By screening 36 different antibody combinations, a pair of mAbs with high additivity and P/N ratio was selected as the capture and detection antibodies. By conjugation of the detection mAb with horse radish peroxidase, a simplified sandwich ELISA was developed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9939, detection limit of 8.28 ng/mL. The parallel test of 42 samples from healthy and AKI dogs showed the good agreement in NGAL concentrations detected by the simplified sandwich ELISA and commercial ELISA kit. Conclusions We developed canine NGAL-specific monoclonal antibodies and simplified sandwich ELISA. The simplified sandwich ELISA could replace the commercial ELISA kits for canine NGAL detection with the advantages of reduced cost and detection time.