Breast implant capsule‑associated squamous cell carcinoma: case report

Breast augmentation with the use of silicone breast implants is a routine practice for breast surgeons. Breast implant capsule‑associated squamous cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive malignant tumor accounting for less than 0,1 % of invasive breast cancer. Currently there is no single concept of a complex therapy for such tumors due to the low incidence rate. The article describes a case of a 49‑year‑old female patient after surgical treatment of left‑sided breast implant capsule‑associated squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed in 2019. After the disease progression the patient underwent removal of the chest wall tumor with resection of ribs 3–5, allo‑and autoplasty, and left axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). In most cases, breast implant capsule‑associated squamous cell carcinoma is treated surgically but the role of adjuvant chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and endocrine therapy is still ambiguous.

Mechanism of acquired resistance to nivolumab in lung squamous cell carcinoma: case report and review of the literature

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 have noticeably improved the treatment landscape of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, including lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although patients with immune checkpoint therapy can achieve long-term survival, acquired resistance has been recognized more frequently, while the underlying mechanisms are currently poorly understood. Materials and methods: Here, we report a patient with metastatic lung SCC treated with nivolumab as a first-line treatment for 28 months. Conclusion: The analysis of specimens prenivolumab and postnivolumab treatment suggests that genetic alterations in SOX2 and CDKN2A/CDKN2B and changes in the tumor microenvironment could be reasons for the acquired resistance to nivolumab observed in the lung SCC patient.

Immature Squamous Metaplasia of Esophageal Glands Associated with Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Case Report

Background: Esophageal immature squamous metaplasia is poorly reported in the literature. This entity can, however, be misinterpreted as high grade dysplasia or invasive squamous cell carcinoma and hence represent a potential pitfall. Case presentation: Histopathological examination of a superficial esoophageal lesion removed by endoscopic submucosal dissection revealed a squamous cell carcinoma associated with immature squamous cell metaplasia arising from esophageal glands. Immunohistochemical stainings allowed to distinguish malignant from metaplastic cells.Conclusions: Immunohistochemistry for Ber-EP4 is helpful in making the distinction between esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and immature squamous metaplasia. This can avoid overstaging and overtreatment, especially in early esophageal cancer.