SPATIAL-TEMPORAL SEMANTICS OF PREPOSITIONAL EQUIVALENTS

The article investigates the prepositional-temporal semantics of prepositional equivalents, determines the philosophical and linguistic interpretation of categories of time and space, distinguishes the lexical composition of those prepositional units that are carriers of locative and temporal semantics, establishes contextual conditions under which each of the that semantic nuance, it was found that the immediate environment (verb and dependent noun) significantly affect the content plan of the prepositional equivalent. The aim of the article is to elucidate the peculiarities of the functioning of prepositional equivalents with locative and temporal semantics. It was established that the prepositional equivalents immediately after, immediately before, immediately after, from the depth, behind the shoulders, on the way from, on the way from… to, on the way to, in place, in the interval from… to, in the interval between, in the middle can to be representatives of both locative and temporal significance. Their specific semantic nuance depends on the immediate context.

TAXIS ACTUALIZERS IN POLISH

Постановка задачи. В настоящей статье описываются таксисные актуализаторы в польском языке. К ним относятся польские предложные девербативы в сочетании с таксисными предлогами темпоральной и обстоятельственной семантики. Результаты. Описаны высказывания примарного и секундарного типов, содержащие польские девербативы в сочетании с монотаксисными и политаксисными предлогами темпоральной и обстоятельственной семантики. В высказываниях данных типов польские девербативы выступают в качестве актуализаторов примарно-таксисных категориальных ситуаций одновременности, предшествования и следования, а также различных секундарно-таксисных категориальных ситуаций одновременности. Монотаксисные и политаксисные предлоги темпоральной и обстоятельственной семантики выступают при этом в роли маркеров или экспликаторов примарно-таксисных значений одновременности, предшествования или следования и секундарно-таксисных значений одновременности (каузально-таксисных, кондиционально-таксисных, финально-таксисных, концессивно-таксисных, консекутивно-таксисных). Выводы. Польские акциональные и процессуальные девербативы на nie/-сie в сочетании с монотаксисными и политаксисным предлогами темпоральной семантики w , w czasie , podczas, w toku, przed, po, do актуализируют примарно-таксисные категориальные ситуации одновременности, предшествования и следования. Польские девербативы с монотаксисными и политаксисным предлогами обстоятельственной семантики dla, w celu, celem, z powodu, ze względu, dzięki, z uwagi na, w związku, wskutek, w skutku, skutkiem, na skutek, w wyniku, w efekcie, w rezultacie, mimo, pomimo, wbrew, w razie, w wypadku, w przypadku, do выступают в качестве актуализаторов секундарно-таксисных категориальных ситуаций одновременности (каузально-таксисных, кондиционально-таксисных, финально-таксисных, концессивно-таксисных, консекутивно-таксисных). Problem statement. This article describes the taxis actualizers in the Polish language. These include Polish prepositional deverbatives in combination with taxis prepositions of temporal and adverbial semantics. Results. The statements of the primary and secondary types containing Polish deverbatives in combination with monotaxis and polytaxis prepositions of temporal and adverbial semantics are described. In statements of these types, Polish deverbatives act as actualizers of primary-taxis categorical situations of simultaneity, precedence and following, as well as various secondary taxis categorical situations of simultaneity. Monotaxis and polytaxis prepositions of temporal and adverbial semantics act in this case as markers or explicators of primary taxis values of simultaneity, precedence or following and secondary taxis values of simultaneity (causal-taxis, conditional-taxis, final-taxis, concessive-taxis, consecutive-taxis). Conclusion. Polish actional and procedural deverbatives on nie /- cie in combination with monotaxis and polytaxis prepositions of temporal semantics w, w czasie, podczas, w toku, przed, po, do actualize the primary taxis categorical situations of simultaneity, precedence and following. Polish deverbatives with monotaxis and polytaxis prepositions of adverbial semantics dla, w celu, celem, z powodu, ze względu, dzięki, z uwagi na, w związku, wskutek, w skutku, skutkiem, na skutek, w wyniku, w efekcie, w rezultacie, mimo, pomimo, wbrew, w razie, w wypadku, w przypadku , do act as actualizers of secondary taxis categorical situations of simultaneity (causal-taxis, conditional-taxis, final-taxis, concessive-taxis, consecutive-taxis).

Patches in a timeline with ossia score

Handling of time and scores in patchers such as PureData, Max/MSP has been an ongoing concern for composers and users of such software. We introduce an integration of PureData inside the ossia score interactive and intermedia sequencer, based on libpd. This integration allows to score precisely event that are being sent to a PureData patch, and process the result of the patch’s computations afterwards in score. This paper describes the way this integration has been achieved, and how it enables composers to easily add a temporal dimension to a set of patches, by leveraging both the computational power of PureData and the temporal semantics of the ossia system, in order to create complex compositions.

TAXIS REPRESENTANTS IN THE GERMAN AND DUTCH LANGUAGES

Постановка задачи. В статье описываются таксисные репрезентанты в немецком и нидерландском языках, каковыми являются полипропозитивные высказывания с предложными девербативами с таксисными предлогами темпоральной и обстоятельственной семантики. Результаты. Описаны высказывания двух типов (примарного и секундарного), являющиеся ядерными и периферийными конституентами функционально-семантического субполя зависимого таксиса в немецком и нидерландском языках. К ядерным конституентам относятся высказывания примарного типа с таксисными предлогами темпоральной семантики, а к периферийным конституентам следует относить высказывания секундарного типа с таксисными предлогами обстоятельственной семантики. Таксисные предлоги темпоральной семантики маркируют примарно-таксисную семантику одновременности и разновременности, а таксисные предлоги обстоятельственной семантики эксплицируют секундарно-таксисную семантику одновременности. Выводы. Обследованные высказывания примарного и секундарного типов являются прототипическими репрезентантами как примарно-таксисных значений одновременности и разновременности в «чистом виде», так и секундарно-таксисных значений одновременности, совмещенных с сопутствующими обстоятельственными значениями (условия, уступки, цели, образа действия и др.). Problem statement. The article describes taxis representatives in German and Dutch, which are polypropositive statements with prepositional deverbatives with taxis prepositions of temporal and circumstantial semantics. Results. The statements of two types (primary and secondary) are described, which are the core and peripheral constituents of the functional-semantic subfield of the dependent taxis in the German and Dutch languages. The core constituents include statements of the primary type with taxis prepositions of temporal semantics, while the peripheral constituents should include statements of the secondary type with taxis prepositions of circumstantial semantics. Taxis prepositions of temporal semantics mark the primary taxis semantics of simultaneity and non-simultaneity, and taxis prepositions of circumstantial semantics explicate the secondary taxis semantics of simultaneity. Conclusion. The examined statements of the primary type and of the secondary type are prototypical representatives of both primary-taxis values of simultaneity and non-simultaneity in «pure form», and secondary taxis values of simultaneity, combined with concomitant circumstantial values (conditions, concessions, purpose, mode of action, etc.).

SYNTACTIC TIME AND POETIC TEXT

Монография Т.Е. Шаповаловой посвящена осмыслению категории синтаксическое время. Время как синтаксическая категория и обязательный компонент предикативности исследуется на материале поэтического текста, в котором все грамматические элементы преображаются. В частности, синтаксемы и субстантивные обороты – носители временнóй семантики получают дополнительные субъективно-модальные оттенки, событийные коннотации, сопутствующие созначения (пространственные, условные и др.). Рассматриваются также такие принципиальные для понимания синтаксической проблемы времени теоретические вопросы, как абсолютное и относительное время, временнáя определенность и временнáя неопределенность, предикативные свойства синтаксемы, субстантивного оборота и др. Monograph by prof. T.E. Shapovalova is devoted to understanding of the category of syntactic time. Time as a syntactic category and an obligatory component of predicativity is considered on the material of a poetic text, in which all grammatical elements are transformed - in particular syntaxemes as the carriers of temporal semantics receive additional subjective-modal shades, event connotations, and accompanying connotations (spatial, conditional, etc.). We also considered such fundamental for understanding of the syntactic problem of time as absolute and relative time, temporal definiteness and temporal uncertainty, predicative properties of substantive turnover, etc.

Temporal interpretation of the world in dagestanian languages

The article deals with certain aspects of conceptualization of time, predetermined by the national specificity of the world perception. The topicality of the given study is accounted for by the extremely differentiated verbalization of space and time peculiar to the Dagestanian languages. The aim of the article is to identify the common origin of temporal and spatial vocabulary in the Dagestanian languages. To achieve the goal, the authors used a comparative-typological method, as well as a cognitive approach to reveal the role of national consciousness in conceptualization of time. The article also examines some aspects of national peculiarities of time conceptualization aimed at finding out the genetic connection between temporal and space vocabulary. The data under study allows claiming that in the basis of most lexemes with temporal meaning lies a semantic component denoting “space”. Temporal lexemes representing cycling time were developed by means of objectivation of the heavenly bodies’ movement. Meanwhile temporal vocabulary representing line time was formed by means of semantic conversion which allowed transforming local adverbs onto temporal. The most important results obtained by the authors are as follows: (a) the conceptualization of time in the Dagestanian languages is realized on the basis of spacial parameters, so the vocabulary of temporal semantics are formed on the basis of spatial vocabulary; b) the temporal vocabulary of the Dagestanian languages has evolved along the lines of spatial representations > space-time representations> time representations. The results achieved are important for the cognitive studies of the Dagestanian languages, as well as for the further description of the space and time conceptualization in the world language pictures.

Unweaving the embodied nature of English temporal prepositions

The metaphor time is space (Lakoff & Johnson 1999) and the pervasiveness of metaphor and image-schematic structure in human conceptualization (Johnson 1987; Hampe 2005) have been widely accepted among cognitive scientists as constructs that help explain non-spatial and temporal linguistic constructions. However, Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) might not be the whole story. While it is acceptable that moments in time can be construed as being analogous to points in space as in utterances such as at the corner vs. at 2:30, there seems to be much more temporal cognition than previously thought. It turns out that time exhibits its own structure (following Evans 2004, 2013; Galton 2011) that is based on transience. This idea has made some scholars support the weak version of CMT which posits that the temporal meaning of prepositions is represented and processed independently of the corresponding spatial meanings (see Kemmerer 2005 for such a view). The present article supports the idea that spatial and temporal structures complement each other in order to achieve temporal conceptions. This is indeed a conceptual pattern showed by the English preposition at that makes use of an extrinsic temporal reference to activate its temporal semantics. To analyze the different temporal realizations that at may have, the paper aims to identify the topological structure that underlies the conceptual basis of this preposition. This allows us to appreciate how the spatio-conceptual structure of at partially structures temporal conceptions. The paper also identifies the nature of the temporal structure that is involved in temporal realizations. The article concludes with some remarks, among them the pivotal role of the schematic temporal structure that is captured by the extrinsic temporal reference, and the role of conceptual metaphor in underdetermining temporal thinking.

Temporal comparisons, historical semantics of interaction and ‘post-war consensus’ in British Parliament: Studying time references in a deliberative environment

This article aims to demonstrate that the transition from the mainstream narrative to the interactional history of concepts promises tangible benefits for scholars of social time in general and temporal comparisons in particular. It is shown that the traditionally close alignment of narration with the production of historical consciousness at various levels hinders the study of time as a semantic variable perpetually contested, amended and upheld across society. Alternatively, the references to time made in public settings, allowing for more or less instant reactions (turn-taking) as well as expression of dissenting opinions (stance-taking), offer a much more representative palette of temporal semantics and pragmatics in a given sociopolitical environment. In a particularly intriguing case, the essentially deliberative venue where contestation is supported by both institutional arrangements and political reasons (British House of Commons) is put to test under circumstances commonly known as ‘the post-war consensus’ – the unspoken convention directing opposing political parties to suspend stance-taking regarding the past actions of the government during WWII, its immediate aftermath and its future prospects. As a reliable indicator of this arrangement, the contestation of temporal comparisons between relevant pasts and futures is tested in oppositions reflecting party allegiances (Conservatives vs. Labour vs. Liberals) and executive functions (government vs. opposition) between 1946 and 1952. It is shown that, notwithstanding the prevalence of non-contested statements aimed at preserving interactional coherence and pragmatic functionality of the setting, the moderately active contestation of the adversary’s temporal comparisons in the House of Commons at that time helped all parties, albeit to a different degree, to shape their own political and institutional roles as well as to delegitimize their respective adversaries.