The ‘Indian Sandhurst’

This chapter deals with the initial decades in the life of the Indian Military Academy (IMA). Envisaged as the ‘Indian Sandhurst’, the academy was inaugurated in 1932 and was the first institution that generated a new class of commissioned Indian officers. The IMA, in its early years, grappled with the same administrative and institutional challenges as those of the feeder colleges, highlighting the inter-dependent nature of institutional expansion and reorganisation in the subcontinent. This chapter will shed light on the initial years of its operation where the provisions for joint examinations in India and England; entry for Anglo-Indians; and the IMA’s suitability for sons of the Princely Rulers threatened to erode its legitimacy. The establishment of the IMA also spurred the development of other military institutions in India both on the scale of higher training as well as feeder institutions, chief among them being the National Defence Academy.

HARVARD PARADIGM: «INSTITUTIONAL EXPANSION»? Based on A.V. Smirnov's article «MARKET STRUCTURE IMPACT: ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES TO THE RUSSIAN MARKET»

Положительно оценивая предложение А.В. Смирнова - расширить Гарвардскую парадигму за счёт применения институционального подхода, автор обращает внимание на то, что базовые позиции монетаризма и теории антимонопольного регулирования в силу их ограниченности и тенденциозности, едва ли помогут решить эту задачу. В этой связи ставится вопрос об альтернативной - пострыночной экономико-теоретической парадигме. Positively evaluating the proposal of A.V. Smirnov concerning the expansion of the Harvard paradigm through applying an institutional approach, the author draws attention to the fact that the basic positions of monetarism and the theory of antitrust regulation, due to their limitations and tendentiousness, will hardly help solve this problem. In this regard, the article has raised the problem of an alternative post-market economic and theoretical paradigm.

A Mystical Path Stemming from Eiheiji

This chapter gives an overview of the origins, content, historical development, and important literary, religious, and philosophical implications of Giun’s Verse Comments on Dōgen’s Treasury of the True Dharma Eye, which was written in 1329 and published a century later and remained a key component of Sōtō Zen intellectual life for several centuries during the medieval period. It explains how Giun made decisive contributions to the restoration of Sōtō Zen at a key turning point in its early institutional expansion. These developments followed a few decades of decline caused by intense intrafactional rivalries at Eiheiji as part of the aftermath of Dōgen’s death compounded by the impact of a devastating fire in 1297 that destroyed many of the monastery’s architectural and textual treasures. By the Edo period, the significance of Giun’s Verse Comments was eclipsed by the Prose Comments (Goshō) on Dōgen’s Treasury written by Senne and Kyōgō.

Drivers for Internationalization in Georgian Higher Education

Internationalization of higher education has been on the rise almost everywhere in Europe for the past two decades, from countries like the United Kingdom that have put higher education at the heart of their export strategy (An overview of the higher education exports and their value to the United Kingdom economy is provided by the debate on 19 July 2018 in the House of Lords available at https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/lln-2018-0079/.) to countries in Eastern Europe which are relatively active in student mobility but less internationalized in other areas (faculty profiles, research outputs, institutional expansion abroad). However, as a result of many factors, including an unprecedented number of European students benefitting from free and quality higher education available in other countries, and the strengthening of economic nationalism, we see a refocus in internationalization in many Western countries. This study investigates the drivers of internationalization in Georgian universities. Data was collected through interviews with Georgian ministry officials, heads of governmental agencies, rectors and faculty from Georgian universities in addition to documents and web sites analysis. This study presents an insight into national, institutional and individual drivers for internationalization in Georgia and the challenges experienced.

The End of the War/Peace Limit on the Application of International Human Rights Law

In ‘The Limits of Human Rights in Times of Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Armed Violence’, Andrew Clapham explains how the dynamics of international human rights law (IHRL) in recent decades, which give effect to foundational principles such as universality and the non-derogability of core humanitarian norms, have extended the limits of IHRL. This comment discusses three sets of concerns, which are also touched upon by Clapham, explicitly or implicitly: the disruptive effect of IHRL on substantive regulations of conflict situations, the functional limits of IHRL monitoring bodies, and the political backlash encountered due to normative and institutional expansion. The comment also offers a number of critical observations on how IHRL has developed so far in relation to armed conflict situations and how should IHRL monitoring bodies apply IHRL in such situations.

Assessment of Financial Performance and Efficiency of Islamic and Traditional Banks in the Post-Crisis Period

Much of the research surrounding Islamic banking has focused on the 2008 financial crisis and the distinctions between conventional and Islamic institutional performance. Given the consensus that due to lower risk profiles and higher efficiency performance, Islamic banking outperformed its conventional counterparts during that tumultuous period, it is important to extend the academic focus beyond this narrow timeframe. The current investigation has applied a systematic methodology to review quantitative data from several emergent studies regarding post-crisis performance comparisons between Islamic and conventional banking institutions. At the risk of regional or institutional bias, these findings have demonstrated a higher degree of volatility in technical and scale efficiency amongst Islamic institutions since 2010, yet simultaneously, a higher overall efficiency rate of 0.886 when contrasted with the average total efficiency of 0.771 in conventional banks. The evidence highlights a positive correlation between the risk-adverse investments utilised by the Islamic banking system, but suggests that there is significant opportunity for growth through network consolidation and institutional expansion in order for these banks to take advantages of regionalised economies of scale.

The Origins of the ASEAN Community’s Humanitarian Component

The birth of the ASEAN Community in 2007 has strengthened a long ignored part of ASEAN, i.e., humanitarian assistance and development. The three major pillars of the ASEAN Community have either direct or indirect influence on the institutional expansion and capacity building of ASEAN’s humanitarianism-related tasks. The direct influence is usually derived from the ASEAN Political and Security Community and the ASEAN Social and Cultural Community, while the indirect influence can rest on the advance of the ASEAN Economic Community. Meanwhile, leaders of ASEAN also work with extra-regional state and non-state actors to ensure the positive humanitarian development within the region of Southeast Asia. Yet, due to the principle of non-interference and the lack of resources, ASEAN’s early effort — mainly in capacity building — has apparently been less effective after the brief study of three cases.

Institutional Build-up of EU Health Actors

The growth of substantive EU public health and individual health policy and law is matched by a historic build-up of EU institutional actors. The institutional expansion has increased the EU’s capacity for law- and policy-making in the field of health and as such the possibility for the growth of EU power in this area. This chapter traces the evolution and growing presence of EU institutional actors in human health. It outlines the relevance of the growing institutional capacity for creating EU health law and policy. Subsequently a sketch is drawn of the emergence of EU institutional involvement in health policy—while taking into consideration that it may not be possible to create an exhaustive overview of all health actors involved at the EU level. This outline illustrates the growth of a variety of institutional actors and the expanding number of ways these engage in health policymaking. Moreover, the chapter demonstrates various ways in which EU institutional involvement in health is continuously expanding and changing. It illustrates that there is ample opportunity for formal actors with legislative or regulatory powers to be involved in informal processes of coordinating policy in the shadow of hierarchy. The growing institutional presence of the EU in health policy over time, and the possible shift in power to the EU this can entail, again confronts us with the pressing issue of its impact on fundamental rights and values in health.

THE POLITICAL ORIGINS OF ISLAMIC COURTS IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES: THE CASE OF MALAYSIA

The way in which Islamic courts and laws are developed and how religious legal apparatuses shape the relations between—and within—religious communities has been a common source of debate among scholars. This article analyzes the growing institutional power and authority of Islamic courts and judges in Malaysia since the late 1980s to contribute to this theoretical debate. Specifically, it compares two critical phases of institutional development of Islamic courts in Malaysia's largely secular judicial system: the first under the premiership of Mahathir Mohamad before the dismissal of his deputy, Anwar Ibrahim (1980–1998), and the second under the post-reformasi (reform) period (1999–present). Original data gathered at the Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (Department of Syariah Judiciary Malaysia) and other government and legal agencies, fieldwork, and semistructured interviews with Islamic and civil court officials both at the federal and state levels document the institutional expansion and administrative independence that the Islamic courts and judges have successively gained in relation to their civil counterparts. It is argued that the gradual bureaucratization of Islamic courts can best be explained with reference to the interests—and strategic coalitions—of political and religious elites within the majority community to sustain a dominant regime and majoritarian rule based on communal identity.