TURKIC-UDMURT LEXICAL METAMORPHOSES II: ON THE ORIGIN OF THE WORDS ITALMAS ‘TROLLIUS EUROPAEUS’, KOŃ‘SQUIRREL’, ATTA ‘ALL THE TIME, CONSTANTLY’

Foreign and domestic scientists have been studying the mutual influences of the Udmurt and Turkic languages. For more than a century, this issue has been covered in a sufficient number of publications. However, the problem of Udmurt-Turkic contacts had not yet been fully resolved. This work is devoted to verification of the origin of lexemes dating back to the Turkic source. The Udmurt words italmas ‘Trollius europaeus’, końi̮ ‘squirrel’, the dialect word atta ‘all the time, constantly’, as well as the Russian word belka ‘squirrel’ are considered. The etymologies of these words have been repeatedly studied, however, the problem of their origin remains unresolved. The study found a satisfactory explanation of the origin of the considered lexemes. We have presented additional arguments in favor of the existing etymologies for phytonym italmas ‘Trollius europaeus’, which derived from the Kipchak *it almas ‘like a diamond’ (< ‘dog diamond’). We propose to denote the Turkic dialects of the Kipchak type with which the ancestors of the Udmurts contacted from the 10th to the 14th - 15th centuries by the term “ancient Tatar language”. In addition to the above phytonym, the zoononym końi̮ ‘squirrel’ goes back to the same source, but the ancient Tatar word *kӧn did not name the animal, but designated the skin of the animal. Along the way, the etymology of the Russian word belka ‘squirrel’ is considered. It may be a calque from the Tatar akcha (акча) ‘money’. For the word atta ‘all the time, constantly’, which was considered a continuation of the Tat. khatta (хәтта) ‘until, even’, we proposed another Tatar source - harwakytta (һәрвакытта) ‘always, all the time’, which experienced lexical-morphological and phonetic transformations on the basis of Udmurt language.

The assessment of the status of the rare species from the family Ranunculaceae in Samara Region taking into account the coenopopulation characteristics

The paper studies a spatial ontogenetic structure of natural coenopopulations of ten species from the family Ranunculaceae: Adonanthe vernalis (L.) Spach, A. volgensis (Steven ex DC.) Chrtek et Slavkov, Anemonoides altaica (C.A. Mey.) Holub, A. korshinskyi Saksonov et Rakov, Clematis integrifolia L., Delphinium subcuneatum Tzvelev, Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Ranunculus polyphyllus Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd., R. polyrhizos Stephan and Trollius europaeus L., growing in Samara Region and listed in the regional Red Data Book. It was revealed that the demographic indicators of the studied species populations have low values, indicating their weak ability to maintain and increase the number. The highest capacity for self-healing and self-maintenance is typical for Trollius europaeus, Anemonoides korshinskyi, Adonanthe vernalis, A. volgensis, Anemonoides altaica, the lowest for Clematis integrifolia, Pulsatilla patens, Ranunculus polyrphyllus and R. polyrhizos for most species, with an increase in anthropogenic load on habitats, the indices of replacement and recovery of coenopopulations decrease by 2550%, with the exception of Ranunculus polyphyllus, in which these indices increase by about five times. The features of the spatial ontogenetic structure of populations were used to assess their current state according to the criteria and categories of the IUCN Red List. The most vulnerable at the regional level were the endemic species Anemonoides korshinskyi and Delphinium subcuneatum, as well as Ranunculus polyphyllus and R. polyrhizos (category CR critically endangered). Anemonoides altaica and Clematis integrifolia correspond to the EN category endangered. Vulnerable species (category VU) include Trollius europaeus. Adonanthe vernalis, A. volgensis and Pulsatilla patens ranked in the LC category of least concern.

Chemical profile and antioxidant activity of Trollius europaeus under the influence of feeding aphids

The influence of stress factors on a plant may lead to worse functioning of the plant and the loss of its crop. The effect of Aulacorthum solani feeding on Trollius europaeus with regard to active compounds in the leaves was investigated in the study. The antioxidant activity of the leaves, the material on which the insects fed, was compared with that of the material that was not infested by the aphids. Stress level was evaluated on the basis of such physiological parameters as chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis activity. An increase of 34.5% in the content of polyphenolic compounds, as compared to control, was demonstrated in the material exposed to the biotic stress caused by aphids. The content of phenolic acids was 28% higher while that of flavonoids rose by 25%. The increase in polyphenolic compounds augmented the antioxidant activity of the material.

The assessment of incompatibility and cross-compatibility in three populations of European globeflower (Trollius europaeus L.) by observing the pollen tubes growth

<span>The European globeflower was shown to be highly self‐incompatible by flower bagging experiments, however, a very small degree of selfing was observed in natural populations. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the level of self-incompatibility (SI) in three <em>Trollius europaeus</em> populations from different sites of Poland and to assess a degree of cross-compatibility (CC) between these populations. The SI and CC of the globeflower populations were evaluated based on the pollen germination index (PGI). The observations of pollen grains germination and pollen tubes penetration were made in pistils after self- and diallel cross-pollination of globeflower plants. The pollination combinations which had the PGI equal or higher than 2 were regarded as compatible. Generally, the PGI after self-pollination of all globeflower population was over 2, indicating that they are self-compatible. Also, in two globeflower populations after cross-pollination the PGI was higher than 2 showing that there was cross-compatibility between plants of these two populations. However, the third population, from Biedrusko, was fully cross-incompatible.</span>

The effect of different habitat conditions on temporal and spatial variation in selected population properties of the rare plant species Trollius europaeus L.

The investigations presented here were carried out in years 2013-14, in a Molinietum caeruleae meadow with interrupted plant cover caused by animal activity (patch I); abandoned Molinietum caeruleae meadows with untouched plant canopy, dominated by species with considerable height of the above-ground parts (patches II-VI); as well as the edge (patch VII) and the interior (patch VIII) of a birch woodlot. The height of standing vegetation and soil moisture increased in subsequent patches, whereas the light availability at ground level showed inverse tendency. The abundance of Trollius europaeus subpopulations in all studied patches was rather low. In patch I, juvenile individuals dominated, while in other stands - flowering adults prevailed. The lack of temporal variability in the number of basal leaves observed in patches III, IV, V, VI and VII might be due to lack of available area necessary for clonal proliferation of ramets, while the increase of basal leaves number in other sites might suggest unlimited iterative growth. The dimensions of basal leaves in consecutive years were constant in majority of subpopulations, while they showed strong spatial variability increasing gradually from patch I to patch VII and, subsequently, decreasing in patch VIII. The substantial dimensions of basal leaves may enable better light capture in sites with great level of lateral shade, while smaller dimensions in patches located within a woodlot may be due to shade from above created by trees. Lack of temporal variability and presence of substantial spatial variability in the number and height of generative stems, as well as flower production might enhance chances for successful pollination in a competitive environment. Significant changes of follicle number in time and space suggest successful process of pollination in all patches excluding patch VIII. The weak condition of the ramet clusters in patch I is not compensated by considerable seedling recruitment, whereas the satisfactory state of the ramet clusters in patches II-VIII may not suffice for the long-term maintenance of populations in colonized areas.