VOCABULARY OF YAMSKOY [COACHMAN’s] AND IZVOZNY [CABMAN’s] CARRIER’S TRADE: HISTORICO-DERIVIATIONAL ASPECT

Based on the material from the Russian commercial written records of the XVI-XVII centuries, this article examines semantic and derivational features of the vocabulary of the yamskoy [coachman’s] and izvoznyi [cabman’s] carrier’s trade. In terms of content, the words of these two professional spheres have much in common since the main occupation of yamshchiki [coachmen] and izvozchiki [cabmen] was transportation of people or goods by horse; here are used the names of characters, vehicles, travel modes, types of transported objects. The history of fixing of the words yamshchik [coachman] and izvozchik [cabman] in the Russian language reflects the universal pattern of changing the names of persons ending in -nik by the nouns ending in -shchik /chik ( yamnik - yamshchik [coachman], izvoznik - izvozchik [cabman]). At the same time, the categorical difference in the original names that were at the beginning of the word-formation chains caused a difference in the semantic development of the names of doers: in one case, this is a spatial nomination of yama [Russian word for a ‘pit’] denoting a "station on the road" (> yamchi, yamskoy > yamshchik [coachman]); in another one it is a designation of a movement in space izvoziti [Russian obsolete word for ‘to carry’] (> izvoz > izvozchik [cabman]). In this regard, the names of persons right from the beginning differed in their conceptual representations of the doers: yamshchik [coachman] is the one who moves along the road, and izvozchik [cabman] is the one who “carries” something both on land and on water (like a carrier). Different communicative spheres of yamskoy [coachman’s] (gonny [riding fast] ) and izvozny [cabman’s] carrier’s trade gave birth to specific names of transportation: gon’ba [fast ride] and izvoz [carriage], which had clear internal forms: the first one was motivated by the verb gonyati [Russian obsolete word for ‘to ride fast", and the second one - by the verb izvoziti [Russian obsolete word for ‘to carry outwards’] (cargo, goods).

Speech Interference as the Result of a Two-Pronged Negative Influence

The article considers the problem of the interaction of languages in the process of forming a bilingual personality and society. A comparative study of the material, the mother tongue and the studied language, reveals the causes of interference in bilingual speech in a foreign language. Traditionally, the causes of speech interference are determined by the characteristics of a native language, which are not found in the language studied, therefore they negatively affect the process of mastering the second language, which generates speech errors. This is a one-sided approach to understand interference in general and its origins (causes) in particular. The article considers the problem of a two-way approach to understanding the phenomenon of speech interference. Speech interference is a result of the negative influence of both the characteristics of the native language and the characteristics of the language being studied, i.e. it is a simultaneous two-way process in dual unity. Both processes of negative influence on an individuals mastery of a second language are defined as one action in bilinguality, giving the same result - interference in bilingual speech, which is expressed in phonetic-phonological, semantic and other types and types of speech errors. The simultaneous and inconsistent negative influence of the features of the native language and the non-native language considered on the material of consonant combinations in the initial words of the Russian and Kazakh languages, when the absence of combinations of consonants in this position of the Kazakh word and their presence in this position of the Russian word to the same extent and at the same time negatively influence on the correct - the literary pronunciation of Kazakh words and Russian words. Thus, in contrast to the traditional explanation of the phenomenon of speech interference as a result of a one-sided negative process, it is proposed and proved that this phenomenon is the result of (simultaneous) two-way influence of features, native and studied languages. Errors of an individual in speech in a foreign language are considered according to the provisions of the syntagmatic typology of interference (plus segmentation, or minus segmentation).

SYMBOLIC CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE ORIGINAL CONCEPT SIGN

В статье исследуются аспекты вторичной символической концептуализации исходного смысла индоевропейского корня в сознании носителей языка. Основным инструментом вторичной (символической) концептуализации является метафора. В качестве иллюстрации рассматривается пример символической интерпретации первопризнака концепта земля. The article explores aspects of the secondary symbolic conceptualization of the original meaning of the Indo-European root in the consciousness of native speakers. The main instrument of secondary (symbolic) conceptualization is metaphor. As an example of a symbolic interpretation of the original concept sign, we analyze the concept earth. Based on the primary meaning of the Old Russian word «bearing on itself», the macroconcept earth was transformed into symbols of fertility, the birth-giving mother, the goddess, weaving the canvas of life.

MODERN VECTORS OF THE STUDY OF THE RUSSIAN WORD IN THE EAST SLAVIC BRYANSK-GOMEL BORDERLAND

В публикации рассматриваются современные векторы изучения русского слова на пограничной с Беларусью и Украиной территории Брянщины - в частности, восточнославянского брянско-гомельского пограничья. Выделены и охарактеризованы следующие линии, находящиеся в центре исследовательского интереса: русское слово как смысловое «зерно» славянской лингвокультуры, как инструмент интерпретации славянского художественного текста, русское слово в фокусе славянской фразеологии, имена собственные в контексте культурных славянских традиций, практика реализации лингвокультурных и межкультурных аспектов в деятельности учителя-словесника в контексте формирования русскоговорящей языковой личности. The publication considers modern vectors of the study of the Russian word on the territory of the Bryansk region bordering on Belarus and Ukraine - in particular, the East Slavic Bryansk-Gomel borderland. The following lines, which are at the center of research interest, are identified and described: the Russian word as the semantic «grain» of Slavic linguoculture, as an instrument for interpreting the Slavic literary text; the Russian word in the focus of Slavic phraseology; proper nouns in the context of Slavic cultural traditions; the practice of implementing linguistic-cultural and intercultural aspects in the activities of a language and literature teacher in the context of forming a Russian-speaking linguistic personality.

Problems of teaching Chinese philology students Russian word formation

Данная статья посвящена проблеме реализации современных лингводидактических подходов к обучению словообразованию китайских студентов-филологов. Представлены методологические основы обучения функциональному словообразованию иностранных учащихся в российской лингводидактике. Обосновывается необходимость использования сопоставительного подхода в обучении словообразованию и принципа опоры на родной язык студентов. Сопоставлены механизмы словообразования в китайском и русском языках. Анализируются трудности, возникающие у китайских студентов, представлены практические задания, направленные на формирование у учащихся таких навыков, как проведение слово- образовательного анализа, видение словообразовательной структуры новых лексических единиц, дифференциации похожих морфем. Большое внимание уделено стилистическому словообразованию и формированию навыка корректного использования стилистически маркированных дериватов в различных функциональных стилях. This article is devoted to the problem of the implementation of modern linguistic approaches to teaching word formation to Chinese students of philology. The methodological foundations of teaching functional word formation to foreign students in Russian linguistic are presented. The necessity of using a comparative approach in teaching word formation and the principle of reliance on the native language of students is substantiated. The mechanisms of word formation in the Chinese and Russian languages are compared. The difficulties encountered by Chinese students are analyzed, practical tasks aimed at developing students' skills such as conducting word-formation analysis, seeing the word-formation structure of new lexical units, differentiating similar morphemes are presented. Much attention is paid to stylistic word formation and the formation of the skill of the correct use of stylistically marked derivatives in various functional styles.

Plot Clic s of Novels about “New People” in the Context of the Magazine Polemic of the 1860s and 1870s

The article considers papers and reviews by Saltykov-Shchedrin, criticizing novels about “new people”. The main focus is on the period 1868–1871 when Saltykov-Shchedrin was the main critic of the magazine “Notes of The Fatherland” (“Otechestvennye Zapiski”). The polemic between magazines “Notes of The Fatherland” and “Delo” continued the debate started by the predecessor magazines – Nekrasov’s “Sovremennik” and Blagvetlov’s “Russian word”.The purpose of the article is to identify the main plot clichés in novels about “new people” presented in reviews.Results. The main criticism expressed through the parody indicates the position of the critic towards the author. Parody is a crucial part of most reviews. The article describes the main techniques of parody: selection of plot elements that are repeated in novels about “new people”, schematization of their combinations. All this brings the plot to a common denominator with many similar plots. It also demonstrates an important point of the critic: the lack of artistry cannot be compensated for by any actual social ideas.Conclusions. By the end of the 1860s, the repetition of plot patterns and hero types in novels about “new people” was a basic feature of any plot. In the reviews, Saltykov-Shchedrin drew a fairly complete picture of the plot clichés used both in democratic literature and in the anti-nihilist novel. Parody as a reflexive response to the processes taking place in literature can be considered as a symptom of a completed phenomenon. In this case, the parody marks the end of the intense but short life of the “new people” of the 1860s.

INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC VOCABULARY AS PART OF THE REGISTER OF THE «MOSCOW-UKRAINIAN DICTIONARY» BY VICTOR DUBROVSKYI

The article covers the study of industry-specific vocabulary in Ukrainian translated lexicography of the early twentieth century (post-revolutionary era). The analysis is based on the “Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary” (1918) written by V. Dubrovskyi. Sector-specific vocabulary in the analyzed source has its remarks as most lexicographical works have. We selected all marked units with the help of a specially created lexicographic system. The previously published article has its detailed description. The studied material thus, counts around 4 % of industry-specific words. According to our calculations, the most numerically predominant dictionary units are the units of both biology (including botanical, zoological and anatomical terms) and medicine. The most numerous nomenclature is the botanical one. To one Russian word, we can find multiple Ukrainian equivalents including various dialectal, regional, folk names, etc. Generally speaking, synonymy is a prevailing phenomenon to many fields of knowledge. The zoological nomenclature is quite frequent in the analyzed dictionary too. There are many names of animals (mostly non-local) that cannot be found in the Ukrainian language today. They are absent in modern lexicographical works too. Many of them even cannot be found in the dictionaries of the post-revolutionary era. Many little-known, colloquial, dialectal and even stylistically reduced names are can be found in the field of anatomy. Numerous names of diseases that are recorded in the “Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary” are not part of the common medical terminology. Comparing to the above mentioned fields, the analyzed work presents fewer terms from the field of grammar, mineralogy, mathematics, chemistry, music, military affairs, and technology. The biggest number of words that belong to the modern Ukrainian scientific language can be found in the fields of grammar, mathematics and chemistry. Few single terms that were mentioned in the dictionary belong to such sciences as veterinary medicine, hunting, construction, etc. Consequently, the “Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary” contains a number of industry-specific vocabulary that is not registered in the modern Ukrainian scientific language. Moreover, synonymy is considered to be a prevailing phenomenon, despite being not typically used in all industries. Largely as a result of the analysis made, the author indeed desires to choose Ukrainian terms that would be as different as possible from the Russian equivalents.

The types of truncated derivatives in contemporary Russian speech

This article studies a highly productive way of Russian word formation — truncation. This method of word formation, considered to be the "youngest", plays an important role in the contemporary compressive word formation. The purpose of this article lies in identifying new trends in the area of truncation in the Russian speech of the early 21st century. The author reveals the structural types of truncation and determines their relationship in the contemporary Russian language. The largest group of truncated derivatives includes personal nouns; there are also other new subject groups of the truncated units noted. The results show that truncation in modern Russian speech is becoming more widespread than before and it begins to extend to other parts of speech besides nouns. The author pays attention to the interaction of truncation with the suffixation characteristic of contemporary Russian speech. The derivatives, formed by truncation, are different from univerbated nouns, which are formally attributed by adjectives, which are part of the substantive word formation; thus, a criterion for differentiating truncated univerbated words seems in order. The material for analysis includes modern fiction, texts from mass media, and oral recordings. Using them has helped in revealing the dynamics of truncation processes.

Vectors of language contacts: on the etymology of the “horse” lexeme

Being out to make his own attempt to etymologize the Russian word конь ‘a male horse, a steed’, and applying the theory of alteration of matres lectionis the author defined the ways of borrowing of the word from the Slavic to other languages, and revealed its lexical transformations in them. Using this theory which apparently opposes the commonly accepted PIE-based hypothesis of Indo-European languages vocabulary formation, and giving examples of vocabulary derivation from the word конь within the Slavic and other IE languages, the author found quite different ways of lexical formation in the languages which no one before had attempted. The results showed dramatic differences of the new etymologies from those suggested by national and foreign etymological dictionaries. Forasmuch as formal etymology of a significant part of the Russian core vocabulary in many ways remains inadequate and unsatisfying whereby resulting in wrong scientific conclusions and implications, the study is all too timely.

LINGUODIDACTIC APPROACHES TO TEACHING RUSSIAN WORD-FORMATION IN A FOREIGN AUDIENCE

Статья посвящена актуальным вопросам обучения иностранных учащихся русскому словообразованию. В ней рассматривается полипарадигмальность современной лингвистики, которая находит свое преломление в теории и практике преподавания РКИ в области русского словообразования. При доминирующей роли функционально-коммуникативного подхода к изучению и представлению языкового материала в аспекте РКИ продуктивным является обращение к методам когнитивной лингвистики и лингвокультурологии. Приводятся примеры использования таких единиц системы русского словообразования, как словообразовательная парадигма и словообразовательное гнездо в качестве базы для развития речи иностранных учащихся в рамках разговорных тем «Русская природа» и «Роль животных в жизни человека». The article is about topical issues of teaching Russian word-formation to foreign students. Polyparadigmatic approach of Modern Linguistics is applied to the theory and practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language, particularly Russian word-formation. Allthough the functional-communicative approach to the study and presentation of language material in the aspect of Russian as a foreign language has the dominant position, it is productive to turn to the methods of cognitive linguistics and linguoculturology. Russian word-formation system units such as the word-formation paradigm and the word-formation nest are used as a basis for the development of foreign students' speech within such conversation topics as «Russian Nature» and «The role of animals in Human life».