Insubordinate Conditional Clauses Formed by Japanese Conjunction -ba

Insubordination describes the phenomenon that a subordinate clause is used independently as a main clause. Insubordinate clauses endorse discourse functions alone without connecting with any apodosis. Many researchers studied this phenomenon from a typology perspective, clarifying the discourse functions and forming mechanism. However, those studies pursuit the cross-language features too much, investigating large numbers of languages and source constructions. As a result, their conclusion may not fit a specific language or construction. This paper aims to verify and complement the classification of one of the typology studies: Evans (2007), based on the investigation of the insubordinate conditional clauses formed by Japanese conjunction -ba, through the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ). The investigation result showed that Evans’ (2007) classification fit the insubordinate -ba-clauses to some extent with a slight adjustment. Specifically, the types of “indirection and interpersonal control” and “modal insubordination” were combined as Type A, which was named “modal insubordination”. Meanwhile, a new discourse function, “requirement of further information” was added to the other type, “signaling presupposed material” to compose Type B, which was named “signaling presupposed material”. In Type A, the insubordinate -ba-clauses function as two subtypes, which are “epistemic and evidential meanings” and “deontic meanings”. Those two subtypes relate to each other by expressing or requiring evaluation towards the conditional clauses. Meanwhile, Type B has two subtype functions as well, which are “disagreement with assertions by the previous speaker” and “requirement of further information”. Both subtypes are formed by the process of providing a contrastive condition and requesting a response. Two further related issues were also discussed. The insubordinate -ba-clauses endorsing Type B functions appear to have some similarities with another type of insubordinate clause that was pointed out by other typology studies. However, they indeed differ from each other in their discourse functions and forming mechanisms. Moreover, as to the -ba-clauses, the distinction between Type A and Type B was found to be more apparent when analyzed from a functional perspective rather than a structural perspective. Those arguments complement Evans’ (2007) classification. This study shows its significance in verifying Evans’(2007) viewpoint by the Japanese language as a unique Asian language. Such verification is necessary because Evans’ research was carried out mostly based on Indo‐European languages. It is also implicated that a theory of general linguistics can contribute to studying an individual language in observing it from an outside perspective.

Features of the strategy of discrediting in the English authoritarian discourse of children

The study presents the results of a discourse analysis of the confrontational discursive strategy of discrediting in the English authoritarian discourse of children. The work views the discourse of children as a field for implementing their communicative intentions. In the process of formation of their character and personality, children follow adults’ and peers’ example; they also experiment with a wide range of linguistic means in order to establish interpersonal control within the discursive surrounding. The discrediting strategy in the English authoritarian discourse of children is analyzed through the influence that a child-speaker is trying to exert over an addressee. Discrediting is understood in the paper as a macro-speech act which means damaging the reputation of the speaker and belittling his importance in communication. The necessary pre-condition for actualizing this strategy is its occurrence in public as it is intended for recipients, including an addressee himself and other hearers present. Discrediting is considered to be a face-threatening act which activates the category of impoliteness and belongs to the area of evaluative influence. The results point to three most communicatively productive tactics of actualizing the strategy of discrediting: the tactics of insult, mockery, and belittling merits of the speaker. Their implementation occurs through exerting the authoritarian child’s influence upon an addressee/a third person. The linguistic means contributing to the implementation of these tactics include negative assessment markers (adjectives, comparisons, vocatives), the ironic/sarcastic mode of communication, rhetoric interrogative and exclamatory constructions, subjunctive mood structures. Skills of discrediting the speaker verbally find their development in the further shaping of a child’s discursive personality

Communication Accommodation Theory

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) allows us to manage our personal and social identities. According to the theory, people adjust speech, vocal patterns, and gestures to help promote mutual understanding in communication (Gallois & Giles, 2015). CAT helps us examine how to emphasize or minimize the differences between ourselves and others during verbal and non-verbal interactions. Language, context, identity, and intergroup and interpersonal factors are used in this theory to make interaction adjustments. Interpersonal control, interpretability, discourse management, and emotional expression are CAT strategies. There are also several supporting approaches that can help manage communication and adjust to receiver reaction including organizational dynamics, active listening, developing the leader within, style diversity, and ongoing self-assessment. The chapter concludes with information on building individual and team trust.

ADAPTACIÓN Y VALIDACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DEL CONTROLLING COACH BEHAVIORS SCALE (CCBS)

SPANISH ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION OF CONTROLLING COACH BEHAVIORS SCALE (CCBS)The aim of this study was to validate and adapt the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale (CCBS). In the study 444 high school students with a mean age of 15.3 years were involved. The analysis confirmatory factorial revealed adequate adjustment indices for the new version of the scale, showing the invariant factor structure with respect to sex. The factors that make up the scale obtained a high internal consistency and temporary stability. The analysis of criterion validity showed that intimidation and control through rewards significantly predicted demotivation, with a positive regression weight. This new instrument can help to analyze with validity and reliability the interpersonal style of physical education teacher control over students.Key words: interpersonal style control, physical education, psychometric propertiesResumen.El objetivo de este estudio fue validar y adaptar el Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale (CCBS). En el estudio participaron 444 estudiantes de secundaria con una edad media de 15.3 años. El análisis factorial confirmatorio reveló unos índices de ajuste adecuados para la nueva versión de la escala, mostrándose la estructura factorial invariante respecto al sexo. Los factores que integran la escala obtuvieron una alta consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal. El análisis de validez de criterio mostró que la intimidación y el control mediante recompensas predijeron significativamente la desmotivación, con un peso de regresión positivo. Este nuevo instrumento puede ayudar a analizar con validez y fiabilidad el estilo interpersonal de control del docente dePalabras clave: estilo interpersonal control, educación física, propiedades psicométricas

Communication Accommodation Theory and Intergroup Communication

Group memberships provide a system of orientation for self-definition and self-reference in the process of relating to and managing social distance with others, and the use of language and communication serve central roles in the processes. In the nearly four decades since its inception as speech accommodation theory, communication accommodation theory has been used in multidisciplinary, multilingual, and multicultural contexts for understanding when, how, and why we, as speakers, accommodate to each other’s languages and styles of communication. In CAT’s theoretical domain, accommodation refers to the ability, willingness, and strategies to adjust, modify, or regulate individuals’ language use and communication behaviors. Specifically, approximation strategies such as convergence, divergence, maintenance, and complementarity are conceptualized in the earlier developmental stages of CAT, with other strategies such as interpretability, discourse management, and interpersonal control added to the list at later stages. With its strong intergroup features, CAT is a robust theory that offers explicit motivational analysis to account for intergroup communication behaviors and intergroup relations. Blossomed initially in a multilingual and multicultural context in Quebec, Canada in the 1970s, CAT connects well with other existing theories on cultural adaptation, intergroup contact, and intergroup relations. Yet, CAT distinguishes itself from other theories as it attends to the interactive communication acts and processes and relates them to other sociocultural constructs, while interpreting and predicting the social, relational, and identity outcomes.

Controlled Motivational Orientation and Prejudice

This research investigates the effect of controlled versus autonomous motivation on intergroup relations. Two studies were conducted: Study 1 (N = 152 Greek Cypriot undergraduate students) showed that controlled motivational orientation, measured as a personality variable, was related to more prejudicial beliefs toward outgroups, lower intrinsic motives for contact, less desire for contact, and less actual contact with outgroups. Study 2 (N = 93 Greek Cypriot undergraduate students) experimentally replicated the findings of Study 1, revealing that controlled motivation, manipulated as a social/situational variable, was related to a higher level of prejudice toward outgroups, less intrinsic motives for contact with outgroups, and less desire for contact with outgroups. Most importantly, these relationships were mediated by dehumanization (i.e., denial of uniquely human traits) of the outgroup. The findings highlight the role of interpersonal control as an important factor determining the quality of intergroup relations.

A Three-Wave Longitudinal Test of Self-Determination Theory’s Mediation Model of Engagement and Disaffection in Youth Sport

Research adopting self-determination theory (SDT) supports a mediation model whereby coach motivational styles (autonomy support and interpersonal control) predict athletes’ engagement and disaffection in youth sport via the satisfaction and frustration of psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Our study extends this research by examining SDT’s mediation model longitudinally with three waves of data. Two hundred fifty-two youth sports participants (Mage = 12.98; SD = 1.84; range = 11–17; female n = 67) completed measures of study variables at the start, middle, and end of a competitive soccer season. Cross-lagged path analyses revealed that associations between the two coach motivational styles and athletes’ engagement were mediated by psychological need satisfaction. Furthermore, a positive reciprocal association between psychological need satisfaction and engagement emerged over time. This study therefore supports the temporal assumptions underpinning SDT’s mediation model but, importantly, evidences a mutually reinforcing interplay between athletes’ psychological needs and their engaged behavior.