The political development in Sri Lanka after civil war ended: a critical review for after Zarb-e-Azb operation in Pakistan

The Sri Lankan civil war began in 1983 and lasted until 2009. The tension stems from Sri Lanka's colonial period and subsequent post-colonial policies that harmed the Tamil people. Without viable alternatives, a part of the Tamil population resorted to the degree of brutality that precipitated a second civil war. Regional, domestic, and global attempts to bring the war to a halt have been futile, though some more local measures have been active. A ruthless military campaign brought the conflict to an end. However, nothing has been done in the aftermath of the war to try to resolve the civil war, including its roots. Sri Lanka's civil war exemplifies the uncertain existence of civil war resolution. With this in mind, the war's conclusion was unquestionably the product of a strategic triumph. However, the civil war should have ended; a unique constellation of structural, state, and national forces collaborated to allow for unrestricted military aggression. As long as the dominant forces, including the United States and significant European countries, understood that enough bloodshed had happened, the country's aggression could be brought to a stop. China and India, with India abstaining, voted to support the Sri Lankan government in its major offensive against insurgents. Internationally, the newly restored government used the full might of the forces against the rebels. As a consequence, those variables are deemed unusable in other situations. Tamil-Sinhala rivalry stretches all the way back to Sri Lanka's colonial period. The Tamil community took advantage of numerous market opportunities under British rule, which lasted from 1815 to 1948. Additionally, many group members attended school in colonial countries owing to a shortage of educational facilities in their home countries. With the exception of a few, the Sinhalese culture, on the other side, maintained its isolation from the British. As could be anticipated, the proportion of Tamils employing in the civil service, academia, and law increased dramatically following Sri Lanka's independence in 1948. Historically, the Sinhalese population has been hesitant to accept pluralism, having collaborated with the British to effect a shift of domination since the 1930s. When Sri Lanka's compulsory adult franchise was expanded to all citizens in 1931, there were no arrangements for minority rights. Tamil and Muslim community members shared discontent in the inconsistency with which their desires are pursued. T was dissatisfied with current political developments, and a large number of Tamils boycotted the elections conducted in compliance with this document. Also immediate liberty was abolished in 1947 by the Soulbury Constitution. The argument that no individual should be discriminated against on the grounds of racial origin or faith, though, proved to be a procedural impediment. Finally, in effect, it established a unitary and majoritarian state.

Indios, Sambos, Mestizos, and the Social Construction of Racial Identity in Colonial Central America

The Miskitu, a group indigenous to the Caribbean Coast of Central America, have long been recognized for their racial diversity. In the mid-seventeenth century, a ship of African slaves wrecked on the Mosquito Coast and subsequently intermarried with the Miskitu population. Since then, there have been two groups of Miskitu: the “pure” indios and the racially mixed sambos. This article argues against this neat divide. Race during the colonial period was not fixed and could be influenced by a number of factors that included not only one’s ancestry but also their behavior. When Spanish writers assigned a racial category to the Miskitu, the context of the encounter often shaped perceived racial origin. When Miskitu-Spanish relations were hostile, Spaniards more often chose the racial label sambo. During times of peace, indio was more common, and mestizo was sometimes used to refer to Miskitu rulers. By focusing on the complexity and malleability of colonial racial rhetoric, this article argues that Spanish officials strategically selected racial labels for the Miskitu depending on the colonial policy they were trying to promote.

Excerpt of Law and Anti-Blackness

Professor Michele Goodwin’s essay here (and the article from which it came, to be published in full in our Winter issue) explicitly identifies the development of American law as a project of cementing racial caste. This piece is a call for conversation and asks us all to consider: “How has the failure to acknowledge and address the carnage and prurience of America’s racial origin story impacted life today?” For 26 volumes, we have attempted to answer that question. In publishing this story in this issue, we are excited to be joined by our peers in that effort.

CLINICAL PROFILE OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS BALLOON MITRAL VALVOTOMY AND BODY SURFACE AREA BASED MITRAL VALVE AREA ASSESSMENT

Introduction: PBMV has become the procedure of choice for mitral stenosis with suitable valve apparatus. Mitral valve apparatus is related to body surface area and it varies with racial origin. We studied the clinical profile and BSA indexed MVA of patients undergoing PBMV in our institute. Materials & Methods: This was a retrospective study consisting of 103 patients who underwent PBMV in our institute from January 2019 to December 2019. All the patients who fulfilled ACC/AHA [2014] Class I & II-a indications were included and had a detailed clinical and echocardiographic evaluation. BSA was calculated for all the patients using Du Bois formula [BSA = 0.007184 * Height0.725 * Weight0.425] and body surface area indexed MVA was then calculated. Correlation of MVA and BSA indexed MVA with various parameters was done. Results: The study population comprised of 81 females [79%] and 22 males [21%]. Age group of 21-30 had the maximum number of cases undergoing PBMV, comprising 35 cases [34%]. Baseline clinical characteristics were noted. Mean-MVG prior procedure was 15.18 +/- 5.58 mm Hg. Mean-MVA pre-PBMV was 0.84 +/- 0.12 cm2 and when indexed to body surface area it was 0.58 +/- 0.09 cm2/m2. Post-PBMV mean-MVA and MVA indexed to BSA was 1.65 +/- 0.19 cm2 and 1.15 +/- 0.18 cm2/m2 respectively. Both MVA and MVA indexed to BSA showed only weak correlation with dyspnoea grade, LA size, mean-MVG and mean-LAP, with none reaching statistical significance. Conclusion: When compared to studies in other parts of the country and world, MVA varied across different regions. We propose that MVA per BSA might standardize the cut off values across different ethnic population and provide more comparable data for PBMV and other procedures of mitral valve apparatus.

COMPARISON OF TOOTH CROWNS AND ROOTS BETWEEN BANJARESE AND JAVANESE PATIENTS AT GUSTI HASAN AMAN DENTAL HOSPITAL

Background: Comparison between crowns and roots of the teeth has an important role in determining treatment planning in orthodontics and prosthodontics field. Indonesia, an archipelagic state with diverse ethnicities, is dwelled by 1.300 ethnic categories distributed in various islands including Kalimantan and Java based on the 2010 population census. Javanese is one ethnicity classified in Deutro-Malay sub-race as the result of miscegenation between Proto-Malay sub-race and Mongoloid race. Banjarese, contrarily, is derived from Proto-Malay race which based on Radam theory is originated from a low-lying area adjacent to rivers. There is an urge to examine the comparison of tooth crowns and roots between Javanese and Banjarese due to different racial origin that may greatly influence the treatment plan and prognosis of dental care. Objective: To analyze the differences in roots and crowns length of teeth between Javanese and Banjarese. Methods: All medical records of outpatients in all departments in GustiHasanAman Dental Hospital from 2018 to 2019 were examined and status card from Javanese and Banjarese patients were preferred. Result: The result of tooth roots and crowns comparison in Javanese and Banjarese outpatients at GustiHasanAman Banjarmasin Dental Hospital showed that there were differences in root and crown length between Javanese and Banjarese patients. Comparison of tooth roots and crowns between Javanese was 0.719 and Banjarese was 0.838. It can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the comparison of tooth crowns and roots between Javanese and Banjarese in GustiHasanAman Banjarmasin Dental Hospital.

Pharmacogenomics, Ayurgenomics and Personalized Medicine: A Review

Deciphering human genome has ushered modern bio-medical science towards a future hope of revitalizing current symptomatic or prophylactic treatment methods into personalized and predictive medicine depending upon an individual’s genetic makeup. Genetic variations related to person’s response towards drugs, differential susceptibility to disease and reciprocity of phenotypic attributes related to environment, ethno-racial origin and diseases to genotypes have not been meticulously apprehended yet. Acharya Charaka explains, “योगमासां तु यो विद्याद्देशकालोपपादितम् । पुरुषं पुरुषं वीक्ष्य स ज्ञेयॊ भिषगुत्तमः ॥ [1], that one is the best physician who knows how to administer the medicine in accordance with their region (habitation and procurement of medicinal plants) and time and Prakriti (Psychosomatic constitution) of each person individually. This is probably the first classical reference in the history of Indian medicine on Pharmacogenomics. Ayurveda classifying a person on the basis of “Prakriti” or unchangeable constitution type might be an advantageous inclination towards personalized medicine. Several genomic studies augmented the possibilities of yet undisclosed genetic basis of Ayurveda, which could further be integrated or complemented to current medical diagnosis and treatment. Further deep dive into the extremes of utilizable science and technology of this holistic practice remained quintessential for better enlightenment of future bio-medical science to fight all fiends of ailments. Pharmacogenomics, Ayurveda, Ayurgenomics, Personalized medicine

Traditional/Folk practices of Kerala Case studies- Part V: Healing art of tribal communities of Kerala

In this case study, authors reveal very valuable Traditional Knowledge (TK) related to an important, critically endangered medicinal plant species locally known as ‘Amrithapala’, botanically identified as Decalepis arayalpathra (J.Joseph & V.Chandras.) Venter, disclosed by Smt. Lekshmikutty, women tribal healer belonging to Kani tribal community in Kerala. Kani tribe is inhabited in Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam districts of Kerala. Smt. Lekshmikutty, has been awarded ‘Padma Shri’ this year (2018) for her outstanding contribution in the field of ethnomedical knowledge, tribal healing techniques and other contributions made by her in the conservation of biodiversity. Kani tribes are of mixed racial origin, having features of dravidian, veddoid and negrito. They are the custodians of rich TK related to biodiversity, especially on medicinal and food plants. TK related to cultural expressions presented by Kani tribal community is worth scientific scrutiny. In this communication, the authors highlight the ethnic legend of Kani tribe ritualistic music performed by them known as ‘Chattupattu’, the historical perspective of Agasthyarkoodam the southernmost peak of Western Ghats and the story of ‘Amrithapala’ . Apart from this, summary of scientific investigations so far carried out by various authors are also described.

Racism, Immigration, and Policing

This chapter explores the ways in which racism shapes immigration policing. Focusing on the developing roles of constables and immigration officers in immigration policing in the UK, it contributes to a wider investigation of the emergence of a ‘crimmigration control system’ arising from the convergence of criminal and immigration law. Drawing on Weber and Bowling’s (2004) ‘sites of enforcement’ model, the chapter examines the research evidence on the ways in which racism shapes immigration policing within domestic space, at the border, and extraterritorially. Immigration policing tends to invoke racial characteristics in ways that define ‘suspect communities’ and focus enforcement activities on specific people based on what is imputed to be their national, ethnic, or racial origin. This, we argue, leads to racialized restrictions on the enjoyment of fundamental rights—such as the freedom of movement—consistent with Richmond’s claim that a system of global apartheid is being created.

The Society of Jesus and Academia in Nova Cæsarea: Robert I. Gannon, S.J. & the Re-Birth of St. Peter’s College, 1930-1936

The rebirth of St. Peter’s College during the early years of the Great Depression gave rise to an uncommon renaissance that took shape mainly through the handiwork of Robert I. Gannon, S.J., who became the first dean in 1930, spearheading reorganization of a college that had been closed since 1918. In the process, Father Gannon developed an academic curriculum that would not only accommodate Catholic tradition, but keep pace with the era of practical educational offerings that could help the local youth population advance in economic and social status. This included individual students who were recruited regardless of religious, ethnic, and racial origin, but based solely on the promise of top level academic performance. St. Peter’s had to overcome different tests from religious superiors and civic officials alike in order to serve a focused constituency that arose amongst the ranks of the poor yet academically inclined of Northern New Jersey. This vision of providing an opportunity for local students who thought higher education might be out of their reach had an impact on the creation of St. Peter’s College from its re-opening in 1930, and still bears the pedagogical, commercial, and diplomatic imprint of Father Gannon.

Lip print pattern variations in the population of Vojvodina Province, Serbia - a pilot study

Introduction. Lip prints are considered to be an important form of transfer evidence, analogous to fingerprints, and can be very useful in forensic investigations and personal identification. Although previous studies have confirmed that lip print patterns are individual and unique for each person, they show similarities between family members, strongly indicating the possibility of inheritance pattern of lip prints. Since heredity may play an important role in lip print development, ethnic groups geographically closely located tend to share similar patterns of lip prints in comparison to more distant populations, so a characteristic lip pattern may indicate a person?s geographical and racial origin. Material and Methods. Lip prints of 211 healthy individuals (107 females and 104 males), residents of Vojvodina Province, Serbia, were analyzed and classified using the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. Results. In the studied sample, type II pattern was the most common in both the upper and lower lip, being predominant in 45.85% of the studied samples. It was followed by types III, I, and IV accounting for 31.28%, 15.28% and 4.62%, respectively. The results of the current study are in accordance with the results of previous studies of European populations. The Pearson chisquare test showed a statistically significant difference between the lip print patterns in males and females. Conclusion. A comparison of lip print patterns between males and females showed a statistically significant difference, supporting the hypothesis that lip prints may be useful in sex determination.