scholarly journals PUNISHMENT FOR VOLKSDEICHE: THE FATE OF GERMAN WOMEN OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Kuzovova N.
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
German Population ◽  
World War ◽  
Gender History ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Happy Life ◽  
Nazi Ideology ◽  
The Status ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
Southern Ukraine

The purpose of the work. The article is devoted to the fate of Volksdeutsche women after the end of the Second World War. The focus is on the history of women in southern Ukraine, a region of Ukraine where a large part of the German population is under occupation. The historiography of the problem covers works that cover the issue of gender history in the context of the topic: Larysa Belkovets, Lyudmila Burgart, Andriy Kotlyarchuk, Maya Lutai, Olena Styazhkina and others. The sources of the study were the NKVD investigative cases against women who accepted German citizenship, eyewitness accounts, and statistics. Results and scientific novelty of the study. The circumstances and reasons why women chose the status of Volksdeutsche have been clarified. In particular, the study found that this was not always a voluntary or conscious choice: women in difficult life situations chose a survival strategy that they thought could be successful. Volksdeutsche status did not guarantee a happy life, adequate nutrition or normal living conditions for the woman and her family. He was entitled to minimal assistance, but imposed many responsibilities on the Volksdeutsche, forcing them to accept Nazi crimes against civilians and send their children to Hitler's or the German Girls' Union, where they were raised in the spirit of Nazi ideology. German women seldom took an active part in collaborationism: they seldom worked as translators, teachers for Volksdeutsche and Ukrainian schools that did not last long in the occupied territories. In the south of Ukraine, the Volksdeutsche also included ethnic Swedes – residents of the Swedish colony Staroshvedske. For the Germans of southern Ukraine in the status of Volksdeutsche, the war ended first with the forced evacuation to Germany by the Germans, and then by the forced repatriation of Soviet troops home. As a result, Volksdeutsche women were tried on charges of treason and aiding the Nazis. Women made up the majority of special settlers in Siberia, the Urals, and Kazakhstan. However, many Germans managed to avoid repatriation and remain in European countries forever without Soviet influence.Key words: local history, gender history, Volksdeutsche, World War II, NKVD. Мета роботи. Стаття присвячена долі жінок-фольксдойче після завершення Другої світової війни. В центрі уваги історії жінок Південної України, регіону України, на території якого значна частина німецького населення опинилась в окупації. Історіографія проблеми охоплює роботи, в яких висвітлюється питання гендерної історії в розрізі теми: Лариси Белковець, Людмили Бургарт, Андрія Котлярчука, Майї Лутай, Олени Стяжкіної та інших. Джерелами дослідження стали слідчі справи НКВС щодо жінок, котрі прийняли німецьке підданство, спогади очевидців, статистичні матеріали. Результати та наукова новизна дослідження. З’ясовані обставини та причини, чому жінки обирали статус фольксдойче. Зокрема в процесі дослідження з’ясовано, що це не завжди був добровільний чи усвідомлений вибір: жінки, що опинялись в складних життєвих ситуаціях, обирали стратегію виживання, яка на їхню думку могла стати успішною. Статус фольксдойче не гарантував щасливого життя, достатнього харчування чи нормальних умов проживання для жінки та її сім’ї. Він давав право на мінімальну допомогу, проте накладав на фольксдойче чимало обов’язків, змушував примирюватися із злочинами нацистів по відношенню до мирного населення та віддавати дітей в гітлерюнг чи до Союзу німецьких дівчат, де їх виховували у дусі нацистської ідеології. Німецькі жінки рідко брали активну участь у колабораціонізмі: вони зрідка працювали перекла-дачками, вчительками для фольксдойче та українських шкіл, що недовго існували на окупованій території. На Півдні України до фольксдойче зараховували також етнічних шведів – мешканців шведської колонії Старошведське. Для німців Півдня України в статусі фольксдойче війна завершилася спочатку примусовою евакуацією в Німеччину німцями, а потім примусо-вою репатріацією радянськими військами додому. В результаті на жінок-фольксдойче чекали суди із звинуваченнями у зраді та пособництві фашистам. Жінки становили більшість спецпоселенців в Сибіру, на Уралі та в Казахстані. Проте багатьом німкеням вдалось уникнути репатріації і назавжди залишитись у країнах Європи поза радянським впливом.Ключові слова: локальна історія, гендерна історія, фольксдойче, Друга світова війна, НКВС.

Human Rights Naturalized

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
World War ◽  
Human Rights Movement ◽  
The Status ◽  
Naturalistic Theory

This chapter helps to confirm the explanatory power of the naturalistic theory of moral progress outlined in previous chapters by making two main points. First, it shows that the theory helps to explain how and why the modern human rights movement arose when it did. Second, it shows that the advances in inclusiveness achieved by the modern human rights movement depended upon the fortunate coincidence of a constellation of contingent cultural and economic conditions—and that it is therefore a dangerous mistake to assume that continued progress must occur, or even that the status quo will not substantially deteriorate. This chapter also helps to explain a disturbing period of regression (in terms of the recognition of equal basic status) that occurred between the success of British abolitionism and the founding of the modern human rights movement at the end of World War II.

scholarly journals Aristocratic libraries in Slovakia – status, research, history

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-441
Author(s):  
Michaela Sibylová
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research History ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times

The author has divided her article into two parts. The first part describes the status and research of aristocratic libraries in Slovakia. For a certain period of time, these libraries occupied an underappreciated place in the history of book culture in Slovakia. The socialist ideology of the ruling regime allowed their collections (with a few exceptions) to be merged with those of public libraries and archives. The author describes the events that affected these libraries during and particularly after the end of World War II and which had an adverse impact on the current disarrayed state and level of research. Over the past decades, there has been increased interest in the history of aristocratic libraries, as evidenced by multiple scientific conferences, exhibitions and publications. The second part of the article is devoted to a brief history of the best-known aristocratic libraries that were founded and operated in the territory of today’s Slovakia. From the times of humanism, there are the book collections of the Thurzó family and the Zay family, leading Austro-Hungarian noble families and the library of the bishop of Nitra, Zakariás Mossóczy. An example of a Baroque library is the Pálffy Library at Červený Kameň Castle. The Enlightenment period is represented by the Andrássy family libraries in the Betliar manor and the Apponyi family in Oponice. 

scholarly journals Legal Aspects of Filtering and Determining the Status of German Refugees Evacuated from the USSR by German Authorities in 1943-1944

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
V. Martynenko
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspects ◽  
German Population ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Significant Percentage ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
Nazi Ideology ◽  
General Government ◽  
The Status ◽  
Complex Procedure

During autumn 1943 – spring 1944, a planned evacuation of the German population was carried out from the occupied Soviet regions. This contingent was temporarily housed in special camps inGermany, the General Government and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Following the established procedure, all evacuated Germans from the USSR were subjected to mandatory checks bythe Central Immigration Office. According to its results, the decision about naturalization was made. Camp filtration was a complex procedure based on the doctrinal principles of Nazi ideology. Itallowed to determine both the level of ethnocultural identity and the racial characteristics of each refugee. The legal basis of filtration was different orders, disposals, and prescriptions of severalauthorities that were part of the SS apparatus. Although the German authorities tried not to deviate from the basic principles of this procedure, it was still forced to take into account that the contingentwho came from the USSR had certain socio-cultural characteristics: first, the national identity of many Germans was at a rather low level and secondly, among evacuees (mainly through mixed marriages)there was a significant percentage of people that belonged to other nationalities.

scholarly journals Human Rights at Stake: Shirley Jackson’s Social and Political Protest in “The Lottery”

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Zaid Ibrahim Ismael ◽  
Sabah Atallah Khalifa Ali
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Protest ◽  
World War ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Political Criticism ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Social Custom ◽  
American Author ◽  
The One

Nowhere is American author Shirley Jackson’s (1916-1965) social and political criticism is so intense than it is in her seminal fictional masterpiece “The Lottery”. Jackson severely denounces injustice through her emphasis on a bizarre social custom in a small American town, in which the winner of the lottery, untraditionally, receives a fatal prize. The readers are left puzzled at the end of the story as Tessie Hutchinson, the unfortunate female winner, is stoned to death by the members of her community, and even by her family. This study aims at investigating the author’s social and political implications that lie behind the story, taking into account the historical era in which the story was published (the aftermath of the bloody World War II) and the fact that the victim is a woman who is silenced and forced to follow the tradition of the lottery. The paper mainly focuses on the writer’s interest in human rights issues, which can be violated even in civilized communities, like the one depicted in the story. The shocking ending, the researchers conclude, is Jackson’s protest against dehumanization and violence.

scholarly journals La force de l’héritage. Sociologie du mouvement social des ex-braceros (Travailleurs agricoles mexicains 1942-1964) et ses enjeux

Revista Trace ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Philippe Schaffhauser
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
World War ◽  
Gender History ◽  
Mouvements Sociaux ◽  
Social Struggle ◽  
Rural Context ◽  
Culture Politique

A lo largo de sus 20 años de existencia, de 1942 a 1964, el programa Bracero se tradujo en la firma de 4 646 199 contratos de trabajo e involucró a cerca de 1.5 millones de trabajadores; los que inicialmente fueron empleados en la construcción de vías férreas y en la agricultura, y después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, sólo en el sector agrícola. Este movimiento también es cuestión de generaciones y una historia de géneros. Dicha articulación hace de esta lucha social “un asunto de familia” que se desarrolla principalmente en el medio rural mexicano, cuyo vector principal de expresión es la comunidad a su alrededor. El tema del bracero refleja también la actualidad de la cultura política mexicana, ya que recoge experiencias colectivas e individuales heredadas de los movimientos sociales de la segunda mitad del siglo pasado.Abstract: Throughout 20 years, from 1942 to 1964, the Mexican Farm Labor Program represented the signature of about 4 464 199 contracts for 1.5 million of workers who were initially employed in the construction of railways and in agriculture and after the World War II only in the agricultural sector. This movement is also a question of generations and of gender history. This articulation makes this social struggle «a family affair» that is taking place principally in the mexican rural context for what the main expression vector is the community and its surrounding area. The theme bracero also reflects today « mexican political culture » because it includes collective and individual experiences of social movements inherited from the second half of the last century.Résumé : Au cours de ses vingt-deux ans d’existence, de 1942 à 1964, le programme Bracero s’est traduit par la signature de 4 646 199 contrats de travail pour environ 1.5 million de travailleurs. Ceux-ci furent d’abord employés pour la construction des chemins de fer et pour l’agriculture puis, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, seulement pour l’agriculture. Ce mouvement est aussi une question de générations et d’histoire du genre. Cette articulation fait de cette lutte sociale « une affaire de famille » qui se déroule principalement dans le milieu rural mexicain dont le vecteur d’expression principal est la communauté et ses environs. Le sujet bracero reflète aussi ce qu’on le pourrait appeler l’actualité de la « culture politique mexicaine » issue des expériences collectives et individuelles héritées des mouvements sociaux de la seconde moitié du siècle dernier.

scholarly journals The Phenomenon of State Sovereignty: Past and Present

2020 ◽  
pp. 688-699
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Chekalenko
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World Order ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
World War ◽  
Weak State ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Status ◽  
National Defence

The article examines the current condition of the status of state sovereignty, which is being gradually replaced by such social and political phenomenon as sovereignism. The author is convinced that the reason of its current rise is the weakening of sovereignty, the artificially made, legally enshrined, and not always successful mechanism of the state’s existence. Sovereignism became widely spread in the aftermath of World War II. The erstwhile world order in international relations rested upon state sovereignty, where the strong provided assistance to the weak in return for certain privileges, and the weak sought to find a protector of their sovereignty among the world’s leaders and international organisations. The author states any social phenomenon has to develop and evolve. This is also the case with sovereignty, an obsolete form of the state’s existence, which is searching for new variants of development on the global scale. Sovereignism may be regarded as a new pattern in the development of sovereignty and a means of weakening it. At the same time, it may be viewed as an impetus to strengthening sovereignty. Sovereignism has led to deadly wars and the influx of migrants all around the world; it is a hazardous challenge of the present. This fever of forgone political ambitions transcending state borders and spreading all over the globe is destructing established norms, traditions, and stability. Sovereignism is creating a new social identity in regions at war, which is a dangerous challenge for national security. Thus, sovereignism brings instability, chaos, clashes, and human toll. The author draws a conclusion that given current developments the protection of a weak state is possible only through integration with advanced economies and international agencies able to take responsibility for their partners and, most importantly, through building one’s own national defence forces. Keywords: nationalism, sovereignty, human rights, dignity, war.

scholarly journals International Recognition and the International Law Status of Poland in the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-48
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Dynia
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
The Status

The article concerns international recognition of the Polish state established after World War I in the year 1918, the Polish state and the status of Poland in terms of international law during World War II and after its conclusion until the birth of the Third Polish Republic in the year 1989. A study of related issues confirmed the thesis of the identity and continuity of the Polish state by international law since the year 1918, as solidified in Polish international law teachings, and showed that the Third Polish Republic is, under international law, not a new state, but a continuation of both the Second Polish Republic as well as the People’s Republic of Poland.

Communist Parties Come to Power in Korea and Vietnam

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
George W. Breslauer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Korean War ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
Guerrilla War ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
The Status

In Korea, the USSR occupied the northern half of the country after Japan withdrew its occupation forces. The Soviets installed a regime of North Korean communists who enjoyed popular support due to their sacrifices in fighting the Japanese during World War II. The leadership convinced Moscow and Beijing to sanction and support an invasion of South Korea that they hoped would reunify the country. This led to the Korean War, which merely restored the status quo ante at the expense of millions of lives. The pathway was different in Vietnam, where a guerrilla war against Japanese, then French, occupation led to the victory of the Vietnamese communist party in the North.

Salomon's Work

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
Ernst van Alphen
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Family History ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
Private Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Her Family ◽  
The Many ◽  
Actual Life

Abstract Charlotte Salomon's painted life history took shape in an extremely gruesome period: World War II. But Salomon's personal family history is also excep-tional: Almost her whole family committed suicide. This article explores the question of whether it is meaningful, or even legitimate, to refer to a work emerging from such a violent reality as a work of art. The article focuses on the many self-reflective passages in the images and text that deal with the function of art and the ways it is made. It is argued that Salomon did not provide the fate of her family and the horrible war with a deeper meaning in order to liberate herself from their horror. She did not write a realistic account of her reality, nor did she create an alternative world for it. Rather, her life history is a performance in the strictest sense: doing the work of working through her reality. (History; art criticism) A "life-testimony" is not simply a testimony to a private life, but a point of conflation between text and life, a textual testimony which can penetrate us like an actual life. (Shoshana Felman & Dori Laub, 1992, Testimony. Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History, p.

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