Towards a definition of Essential Mountain Climate Variables

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Thornton ◽  
Elisa Palazzi ◽  
Nicholas Pepin ◽  
Paolo Cristofanelli ◽  
Richard Essery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Critical Observation ◽  
Mountain Climate ◽  
Perceived Importance ◽  
System Components ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Aspects

<p>Numerous applications, including generating future predictions via numerical modelling, establishing appropriate policy instruments, and effectively tracking progress against them, require the multitude of complex processes and interactions operating in rapidly changing mountainous environmental systems to be well monitored and understood. At present, however, not only are environmental available data pertaining to mountains often severely limited, but interdisciplinary consensus regarding which variables should be considered absolute observation priorities remains lacking. In this context,  the concept of so-called Essential Mountain Climate Variables (EMCVs) is introduced as a potential means to identify critical observation priorities and thereby ameliorate the situation. Following a brief overview of the most critical aspects of ongoing and expected future climate-driven change in various key mountain system components (i.e. the atmosphere, cryosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere), a preliminary list of corresponding potential EMCVs – ranked according to perceived importance – is proposed. Interestingly, several of these variables do not currently feature amongst the globally relevant Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) curated by GCOS, suggesting this mountain-specific approach is indeed well justified. Thereafter, both established and emerging possibilities to measure, generate, and apply EMCVs are summarised. Finally, future activities that must be undertaken if the concept is eventually to be formalized and widely applied are recommended.</p>

scholarly journals Toward a definition of Essential Mountain Climate Variables

One Earth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Thornton ◽  
Elisa Palazzi ◽  
Nicolas C. Pepin ◽  
Paolo Cristofanelli ◽  
Richard Essery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variables ◽  
Mountain Climate ◽  
Definition Of

scholarly journals A Risk-Based Approach to Assess the Operational Resilience of Transmission Grids

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 4761
Author(s):  
Milorad Papic ◽  
Svetlana Ekisheva ◽  
Eduardo Cotilla-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
North American ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Energy Delivery ◽  
The North ◽  
System Components ◽  
Bulk Power ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Modern risk analysis studies of the power system increasingly rely on big datasets, either synthesized, simulated, or real utility data. Particularly in the transmission system, outage events have a strong influence on the reliability, resilience, and security of the overall energy delivery infrastructure. In this paper we analyze historical outage data for transmission system components and discuss the implications of nearby overlapping outages with respect to resilience of the power system. We carry out a risk-based assessment using North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Transmission Availability Data System (TADS) for the North American bulk power system (BPS). We found that the quantification of nearby unscheduled outage clusters would improve the response times for operators to readjust the system and provide better resilience still under the standard definition of N-1 security. Finally, we propose future steps to investigate the relationship between clusters of outages and their electrical proximity, in order to improve operator actions in the operation horizon.

scholarly journals Ignition systems of combustion piston engine and possibility of its optimization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Vorlíček ◽  
◽  
Jozef Čerňan
Keyword(s):  
Engine Performance ◽  
Basic Definition ◽  
Ignition Timing ◽  
Piston Engine ◽  
Ignition System ◽  
System Components ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Engine Power

This paper explains the basic definition of ignition, combustion and description of the ignition system functionality. The ignition systems are divided according to established criteriums into the most used types and descriptions of each ignition system components. It focuses on ignition timing and circumstances that affect it and how they influence the observed parameters. I am using ignition timing as an instrument for the observation and optimization of ignition. These practices are tested on piston engine in the practical part of this paper. It describes the modification of the timing curve, measuring of engine power and comparison between each curve. It is an analysis of engine performance under different conditions. The most efficient timing curve is chosen and further evaluated. The used engine for this paper was a rebuild from a car engine used in Trabant 601, VEB Automobilwerke automobile.

Communicating about Climate Change with Policymakers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishani Mukherjee ◽  
Michael Howlett
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Wicked Problem ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
Policy Advisory Systems ◽  
Advisory Systems ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Policy Problems

Policy communication and the resulting influence that information has on policy decision-makers is an especially pertinent topic when it comes to problems of climate change. Notorious for its complexity, uncertainty, and divergence of viewpoints, climate change has earned the title of being the major “wicked” or “super-wicked” problem of our times. A proliferation of expertise, interests, and capacities mark the climate change policymaking landscape and this density of players warrants an advanced framework to understand the ways in which the variety of climate-pertinent knowledge is communicated to policymakers. Moving beyond undifferentiated “two-communities” models of knowledge utilization in policymaking which limit the discussion to the bilateral interactions between knowledge experts or “producers” and information “consumers” of the public sector, this article explores the concept of a policy advisory system, which embodies the different sets of influence that various policy actors can have during policy decision-making and how communication between and among actors is a significant aspect of climate change policymaking. The concept of policy advisory systems is an important new development in the policy studies literature and one that is analytically very applicable to climate policy contexts. Suitably generalizable across representative policy settings, policy advisory systems are comprised of distinct groups of actors who are engaged in the definition of policy problems, the articulation of policy solutions, or the matching of policy problems to solutions. We explore how individual members of these separate sets of actors—namely the epistemic community, which is occupied in discourses about policy problems; the instrument constituencies which define policy instruments; and the advocacy coalitions which compete to have their choice of policy alternatives adopted—interact and communicate with policymakers across climate change policy activities.

scholarly journals The results of the speleological and speleoclimatic explorations of the great ice-cellar on Devica and of the ice-cellars of Rtanj and Tupiznica

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Dragan Nesic
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Mountain Climate ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Air Circulation ◽  
Climatic Features

The Great ice-cellar on Devica and the ice-cellars of Rtanj and Tupiznica are karst pits of the Karpatho-Balkan mountain system of the Eastern Serbia. These are specific speleological objects with the static ice-cellar characteristics and that implies the permanent retaining of the cold pit air without any circulation and also periodical duration of ice and snow. The climatic features of these pits are conditioned by their morphological characteristics and by the mountain climate. Our speleoclimatic explorations have pointed out to some smaller daily and somewhat bigger annual swayings of pit air temperature. These annual swaying influence the appearance and melting of ice and the absence of the air circulation between the pit and the outside in the warmer part of the year, while during the winter this circulation is present. Morphologically, these ice-cellars belong to the type of common oblique pits, while morphogenetically they are of tectonic-karst base.

Sutton Hoo—a rejoinder

Antiquity ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 26 (102) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. S. Bruce-Mitford ◽  
John Allan
Keyword(s):  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Aspects

Dr Gordon Ward says that my paper ‘Sutton Hoo-Recent Theories’ is described by me as ‘embodying the official views about Sutton Hoo’ and ‘thus claims very particular authority’. What I said in fact was (op. cit., p. 1) that, since opposite opinions had recently been expressed on certain critical aspects of the find (Pagan or Christian ? Grave or Cenotaph ? English or Swedish ?),’ it is desirable that an official assessment of the issues should be offered to students, even though it cannot be regarded as final’. Anyone who can get into print can say what he likes about Sutton Hoo. Those officially engaged on the study and definition of the material naturally bear a greater responsibility for their utterances. They should also be acquainted with the facts, which not all commentators have been. By ‘official assessment’ I meant no more than that, as a sympathetic reader must at once have seen.

scholarly journals LEXICAL, GRAMMATICAL AND STYLISTIC REDUNDANCY IN ENGLISH TEXT

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9(77)) ◽  
pp. 154-156
Author(s):  
Yuliya Litkovych ◽  
Vita Sternichuk
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
English Text ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Foreign Origin ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Semantic Development ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of

Lexical, grammatical and stylistic pleonasms in contemporary English-language media discourse are analyzed in the article. The definition of pleonasms, especially their types is offered. It is outlined the peculiar features of their usage in contemporary English-language media discourse. It has been proved that the redundancy in lexical pleonasms is expressed by synonyms. It is substantiated that grammatical pleonasms arise due to suffixes, prefixes and adverbs when creating degrees of comparison of adjectives. Pleonasms in contemporary English-language media discourse are used to intensify the utterance and to influence pragmatically on the addressee. Pleonasm is an independent expressive means of language. As a permanent feature of a linguistic unit, it differs not only from the stylistic means of expressing redundancy in speech, but also from grammatical types of redundancy. The autonomy of pleonasms in a language is justified by their purpose to clarify, intensify and add different shades of the meaning of a word or any concept in order to accurately convey information to the addressee. These redundant phrases are understood as absolutely natural phenomenon in English. One of the reasons for the creation of pleonasms is insufficient transparency of one of the components and this component the word of foreign origin. Pleonasm is the result of rather complex processes of semantic development of components that are combined.

scholarly journals Seeking the Ideal of Universalism within Norway’s Social Reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Lydia Mehrara
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Maternal Health ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Maternal Health Services ◽  
Scholarly Contribution ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gray Areas ◽  
Welfare Model

How much inequality in policy instruments can a universalist welfare state tolerate in its pursuit of equity? This article reviews the nuances of universalism as a concept through examination of its meaning and application in Norwegian health policy, with a contextual focus on migrant maternal health in Norway. The Nordic welfare model is generous and dedicated to achieving equality through the universal provision of social services; however, there are increasing gray areas that challenge the system, invoking the conundrum of equality versus equity. Universalism is a central principle in Norwegian health policy, however changes in the socio-political environment have meant the concept as originally conceived requires a more nuanced articulation. Population changes in particular, such as a growing and diverse migrant settlement, present challenges for how to achieve the equality desired by universalist measures, while maintaining the equity demanded by diversity. This article uses an example of a Norwegian program that delivers maternal health services to migrant women to question the concept of universalism as a theoretical and practical construct, as historically and currently applied in Norwegian health policy. This example illustrates how healthcare as an organization functions in the country, and the role of its key players in adapting policy instruments to meet the Norwegian welfare state’s universal policy aims. The scholarly contribution of this article lies in promoting a critical reflection on the evolving definition of universalism, and in contributing to a discussion on the need to retheorize the concept in Norwegian health policy to attain equity.

Definition of Policy Instruments and Criteria for their Assessment

1999 ◽  
pp. 27-60
Author(s):  
Pantelis Capros ◽  
Panagiotis Georgakopoulos ◽  
Denise Van Regemorter ◽  
Stef Proost ◽  
Tobias F. N. Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Definition Of

Religious Identity, Citizenship, and Welfare

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-233
Author(s):  
Waqar I. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Salient Points ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In ◽  
Critical Aspects

In addressing the situation of Muslim communities in Britain, it isapparent that one of the major frameworks for understanding their situationhas been the notion of "Citizenship," for citizenship is a means ofidentifying critical aspects of the relationship between the individual andthe state. Following Bottomore (1992), we may make a useful distinctionbetween "formal" and "substantive" citizenship: the former being Simplydefined as "membemhip in a nation state" and the latter as "an array ofcivil, political, and especially social rights, involving also some kind ofparticipation in the business of government'' (ibid.).There are a number of salient points that should be made in relationto examining the implications of this distinction. First, we may note thatthe legal definition of citizenship is always informed by the cultural andethnic agendas historically rooted in the foundation myths of each nationstate.Thus in France, for example, just as the revolutionary iconographyof the Tricolor, Marianne, and Liberty, Equality, and Fratemity continueto serve contemporary national sentiments (Hobsbawm 1983), so todayFrench legal framing of formal citizenship is infused with its revolutionaryroots:La tradition centraliste francaise interdit la reconnaissance dansl'espace public des 'communautes', au sens oii elles existent auWtats-Unis. (Schnapper 1990).Consequently, in France neither ethnicity nor religion are formally relevantin determining access to citizenship ...

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