Comparison of Experimental Strategies to Study l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) Utilization by Ligands

l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), expressed abundantly in the brain and placenta and overexpressed in several cancer cell types, has gained a lot of interest in drug research and development, as it can be utilized for brain-targeted drug delivery, as well as inhibiting the essential amino acid supply to cancer cells. The structure of LAT1 is today very well-known and the interactions of ligands at the binding site of LAT1 can be modeled and explained. However, less is known of LAT1′s life cycle within the cells. Moreover, the functionality of LAT1 can be measured by several different methods, which may vary between the laboratories and make the comparison of the results challenging. In the present study, the usefulness of indirect cis-inhibition methods and direct cellular uptake methods and their variations to interpret the interactions of LAT1-ligands were evaluated. Moreover, this study also highlights the importance of understanding the intracellular kinetics of LAT1-ligands, and how they can affect the regular function of LAT1 in critical tissues, such as the brain. Hence, it is discussed herein how the selected methodology influences the outcome and created knowledge of LAT1-utilizing compounds.

On a Parallelised Diffusion Induced Stochastic Algorithm with Pure Random Search Steps for Global Optimisation

We propose a stochastic algorithm for global optimisation of a regular function, possibly unbounded, defined on a bounded set with regular boundary; a function that attains its extremum in the boundary of its domain of definition. The algorithm is determined by a diffusion process that is associated with the function by means of a strictly elliptic operator that ensures an adequate maximum principle. In order to preclude the algorithm to be trapped in a local extremum, we add a pure random search step to the algorithm. We show that an adequate procedure of parallelisation of the algorithm can increase the rate of convergence, thus superseding the main drawback of the addition of the pure random search step.

Brain MRI Images Segmentation Based on U-Net Architecture

Brain tumors are collections of abnormal tissues within the brain. The regular function of the brain may be affected as it grows within the region of the skull. Brain tumors are critical for improving treatment options and patient survival rates to prevent and treat them. The diagnosis of cancer utilizing manual approaches for numerous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images is the most complex and time-consuming task. Brain tumor segmentation must be carried out automatically. A proposed strategy for brain tumor segmentation is developed in this paper. For this purpose, images are segmented based on region-based and edge-based. Brain tumor segmentation 2020 (BraTS2020) dataset is utilized in this study. A comparative analysis of the segmentation of images using the edge-based and region-based approach with U-Net with ResNet50 encoder, architecture is performed. The edge-based segmentation model performed better in all performance metrics compared to the region-based segmentation model and the edge-based model achieved the dice loss score of 0. 008768, IoU score of 0. 7542, f1 score of 0. 9870, the accuracy of 0. 9935, the precision of 0. 9852, recall of 0. 9888, and specificity of 0. 9951.

\'Etale triviality of finite equivariant vector bundles

Let H be a complex Lie group acting holomorphically on a complex analytic space X such that the restriction to X_{\mathrm{red}} of every H-invariant regular function on X is constant. We prove that an H-equivariant holomorphic vector bundle E over X is $H$-finite, meaning f_1(E)= f_2(E) as H-equivariant bundles for two distinct polynomials f_1 and f_2 whose coefficients are nonnegative integers, if and only if the pullback of E along some H-equivariant finite \'etale covering of X is trivial as an H-equivariant bundle.

A New Approach to Slice Analysis Via Slice Topology

In this paper we summarize some known facts on slice topology in the quaternionic case, and we deepen some of them by proving new results and discussing some examples. We then show, following Dou et al. (A representation formula for slice regular functions over slice-cones in several variables, arXiv:2011.13770, 2020), how this setting allows us to generalize slice analysis to the general case of functions with values in a real left alternative algebra, which includes the case of slice monogenic functions with values in Clifford algebra. Moreover, we further extend slice analysis, in one and several variables, to functions with values in a Euclidean space of even dimension. In this framework, we study the domains of slice regularity, we prove some extension properties and the validity of a Taylor expansion for a slice regular function.

Network topology and evolution of the gene co-expression of T-cells during immuno-senescence

To better understand the potential impact of the gene expression network structure on the dynamics of immune-senescence and defects of cell functions during aging, we investigated network structures in both young and old individuals. We analyzed the gene co-expression networks (GCNs) derived from an aging signature of 130 immune-related genes obtained from CD3+ T-cell splenocytes extracted from FVB/N, C57BL/6N, and BALB/c mice at ages 2 and 22-24 months. The network structure for the two different mouse age-groups was derived and subsequently analyzed. Analysis of network hubs using clustering coefficients, degree, betweenness, eigenvector, and closeness centralities, as well as local, indirect, and total influence measures, demonstrated changes in gene behavior and network control between the two age groups. Our quantification shows that the young, 2-month old mouse network is more organized than the 22-24-month, old mouse network, while the network structure of the older mouse GCN appears to be far more complicated but far more dispersed. Changes in network structure between the old and young mice suggest deterioration in transcription regulation with age in peripheral T-cells, particularly within the TCR signaling pathway, and potential compensatory mechanisms in older T-cells to overcome loss to regular function resulting from transcriptional irregularity. These results demonstrate the need for more research into gene co-expression in peripheral T-cells in order to better understand both network irregularities and the phenotypic dysfunction observed in older individuals.

Spherical Coefficients of Slice Regular Functions

Given a quaternionic slice regular function f, we give a direct and effective way to compute the coefficients of its spherical expansion at any point. Such coefficients are obtained in terms of spherical and slice derivatives of the function itself. Afterwards, we compare the coefficients of f with those of its slice derivative $$\partial _{c}f$$ ∂ c f obtaining a countable family of differential equations satisfied by any slice regular function. The results are proved in all details and are accompanied to several examples. For some of the results, we also give alternative proofs.

The Role of Tax Incentives During the Covid-19 Pandemic Period and Stable Sustainable Economic Growth

The COVID-19 pandemic is a national disaster so the need for arrangements to support the handling of COVID-19 continues to be pursued. The real sector is expected to be able to survive and not terminate employment. The multiplier effect due to the covid pandemic requires government assistance as a policyholder. Taxes are a source of state finance, now changing to a second function, namely the regular function. Government Regulation No. 23, 44, 86, 110 and 143 regarding tax incentives for taxpayers affected by the coronavirus pandemic 19. Of the total 68,101 taxpayers at the Directorate General of Taxes in Bali, only 16,624 take advantage of tax incentives, so it must be investigated why taxpayers do not make optimal use of incentives that should be used to stimulate economic growth. The methodology used in this study is a descriptive interpretative qualitative method. The results of the study found that incentives used by taxpayers have stimulated economic growth, but there are taxpayers who do not take advantage of incentives due to the complexity of procedures and some do not receive information about incentives so that in the future the Directorate General of Taxes needs to simplify procedures and wider socialization.

An Investigation Towards Understanding the Role of CDH1 Gene in Different Types of Breast Cancers

At recent age breast cancer attracts the attention of both the medical and the scientific community for its deadly occurrence throughout the globe as it is considered to be happened due to genetic aberration. Out of several genes expressed, it is found that cadherin 1, type 1 (CDH1) is responsible in several ways to control the metabolic order in human. Very recently it has been shown that deregulation of the function of protein E-cadherin, expressed from CDH1 plays an important role in lobular breast cancer. In order to understand the root cause of this recent claim, we focus on CDH1 gene whether the genetic information translated due to any deviation/alteration/modification in its sequence is related for the occurrence of the several other types of this deadly disease. Towards this end, study of the available genomic sequences of CDH1 gene obtained from the Sanger Database for 79 patients, suffering from various types of breast cancer, clearly emphasizes that alternation/modification in the sequence of the CDH1 gene can be detrimental. This would affect the regular function of the cell which may have a potential role in damaging the different types of breast tissues, causing malfunction and leading to breast cancers.

PROPERTIES OF REGULAR FUNCTIONS OF A QUATERNION VARIABLE MODIFIED WITH TRI-COMPLEX QUATERNION

In a quaternion structure composed of four real dimensions, we derive a form wherein three complex numbers are combined. Thereafter, we examined whether this form includes the algebraic properties of complex numbers and whether transformations were necessary for its application to the system. In addition, we defined a regular function in quaternions, expressed as a combination of complex numbers. Furthermore, we derived the Cauchy-Riemann equation to investigate the properties of the regular function in the quaternions coupled with the complex number.