Current Ice Adhesion Testing Methods and the Need for a Standard: A Concise Review

Ice accretion is a serious problem in cold climates, causing automobile and airplane accidents, as well as severe economic losses throughout various sectors. To combat these issues, many solutions have been developed, such as de-icing materials, which can delay or prevent the adhesion of ice to a surface through chemical, temperature, or physical means. To effectively assess the properties of a de-icing material, ice adhesion testing must be conducted, of which there are numerous types, each with their own characteristics. Unfortunately, the same material, tested with different methods, may provide very different ice adhesion values. This makes it difficult to properly characterize a material’s de-icing properties and compare values across the literature. In this review, we identified the main ice adhesion testing methods and compared ice adhesion values for a particular material with different testing methods. We then discussed some of the main issues with current ice testing methods and identified some of the main factors that may affect ice adhesion values, namely ice quality and the use of a mold, which may significantly affect the final ice adhesion results. Finally, we proposed a new, simple standard testing method, in an attempt to eliminate some of the issues with current ice testing methods.

Tinjauan Yuridis Pemidanaan Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penjarahan

The rapid development of the times in Indonesia in various aspects has made the behavior patterns of the Indonesian people diverse. Seen from a legal perspective, there is behavior that is in accordance with applicable norms and there is also behavior that deviates from applicable norms. One of the deviant acts is the crime of looting. Looting is the crime of theft which is carried out by forcibly taking other people's belongings which is carried out during natural disasters, riots, airplane accidents and train accidents. The purpose of this study is to analyze the criminal sanctions against the perpetrators of the crime of looting and the judge's considerations in imposing a sentence on the perpetrators of the crime of looting. This research applies normative research methods. The legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials with the technique of inventorying or tracing the relevant legal materials then classified or grouped and documented, recorded, quoted, summarized, reviewed as needed using a qualitative approach which is then analyzed systematically. The results of the study reveal that people who commit the crime of looting will be subject to criminal sanctions according to article 363 of the 2nd KUHP paragraph (1) by considering article 10 of the Criminal Code and it is obligatory for the perpetrators to be held accountable for their actions.

General Aviation Flight Safety During the COVID-19 Pandemic

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 virus has caused over 582,000 deaths in the United States to date. However, the pandemic has also afflicted the mental health of the population at large in the domains of anxiety and sleep disruption, potentially interfering with cognitive function. From an aviation perspective, safely operating an aircraft requires an airmans cognitive engagement for: 1) situational awareness, 2) spatial orientation, and 3) avionics programming. Since impaired cognitive function could interfere with such tasks, the current study was undertaken to determine if flight safety for a cohort of single engine, piston-powered light airplanes was adversely affected during a period of the pandemic (MarchOctober 2020) prior to U.S. approval of the first COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS: Airplane accidents were per the National Transportation Safety Board Access<sup/> database. Fleet times were derived using Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast. Statistics used Poisson distributions, Chi-squared/Fisher, and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: Little difference in accident rate was evident between the pandemic period (MarchOctober 2020) and the preceding (JanuaryFebruary) months (19 and 22 mishaps/100,000 h, respectively). Similarly, a proportional comparison of accidents occurring in 2020 with those for the corresponding months in 2019 failed to show over-representation of mishaps during the pandemic. Although a trend to a higher injury severity (43% vs. 34% serious/fatal injuries) was evident for pandemic-period mishaps, the proportional difference was not statistically significant when referencing the corresponding months in 2019. CONCLUSION: Surprisingly, using accidents as an outcome, the study herein shows little evidence of diminished flight safety for light aircraft operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Boyd DD. General aviation flight safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(10):773779.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM KORBAN KECELAKAAN PENERBANGAN DALAM MEMPEROLEH GANTI RUGI

Dalam setiap kegiatan penyelenggaraan penerbangan akan memiliki risiko munculnya kerugian akibat cacat produk. Penumpang sebagai Konsumen yang menderita kerugian dalam kecelakaan pesawat udara akibat cacat produk dapat menuntut ganti kerugian terhadap pihak yang dianggap bertanggungjawab. Penyelesaian ganti kerugian terhadap penumpang yang meninggal dunia, luka-luka atau cacat akibat kecelakaan pesawat udara tersebut sebagai salah satu tanggungjawab hukum dalam penyelenggara penerbangan. Namun persoalan penyelesaian ganti kerugian yang berkaitan dengan tanggungjawab produk (Product Liability) dalam penyelenggaraan penerbangan ini pada praktek seringkali belum sepenuhnya dapat diselesaikan, karena peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada masih belum mengaturnya, baik hukum nasional maupun aturan hukum internasional.Kata Kunci: kecelakaan penerbangan, prinsip-prinsip tanggungjawab, korban, perlindungan, hukum dan ganti rugi.In each flight management activity, there is a risk of loss due to product defects. Passengers as Consumers who suffer losses in airplane accidents due to product defects can claim compensation for those who are considered responsible. Completion of compensation for passengers who have died, injuries or defects caused by aircraft accidents is one of the legal responsibilities in the flight operator. However, the problem of settlement of compensation related to product liability in the administration of this flight in practice is often not completely resolved, because the existing laws and regulations still do not regulate it, both national law and international law. Keywords: aviation accidents, principles of responsibility, victims, protection, law and compensation.

The Magnitude of the Spatial Disorientation Problem in Transport Airplanes

INTRODUCTION: Loss-of-control (LOC) is the major cause of transport airplane mishaps. There have been many published reports and papers examining these accidents. While these studies did mention spatial disorientation (SD) as a cause or a factor, none of them analyzed it further. The present study uses transport and commuter airplane mishap data for a recent 35-yr period and examines the results of those mishaps involving spatial disorientation.METHOD: We identified LOC and SD accidents from five national aviation accident organizations and two independent groups. Only “normal” operations (air carrier, noncommercial transportation, ferry flights, and training) were considered. We reviewed transport and commuter airplane accidents using the published reports and identified 94 involving SD.RESULTS: We found the distribution of SD mishaps differs from LOC mishaps. During initial climb, there were relatively fewer SD mishaps (16%) than LOC mishaps (31%). During enroute climb SD has relatively more mishaps (18%) than LOC (11%). During go-around or missed approach phases, there were relatively more SD mishaps (21%) than LOC mishaps (4%). Perhaps the most significant observation was an increasing number of SD mishaps during the period reviewed.DISCUSSION: There are several possible reasons for the increasing numbers of SD mishaps over the study period from 1981 to 2016. Somatogravic illusion during go-around or missed approach accounts for only some of this increase. There is insufficient data to determine the reason for the remaining increase.Newman RL, Rupert AH. The magnitude of the spatial disorientation problem in transport airplanes. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(2):65–70.

Ground sections of teeth: histopathological study modality

Ground sections of teeth or bone are considered best solutions for the study of any hard tissues in the study of histopathology. Various studies have been performed like progression of dental caries, enamel studies, dentin studies, cementum annulation studies, bone morphologies, age determinaton studies, etc. It is important study part in any forensic studies where mass disasters occurring as natural phenomenon of cyclonic events, earth quakes, floods and volcanic explosions and airplane accidents, industrial accidents and terror related acts. Forensic dentistry has played a vital role and many medico-legal cases are solved by studying the teeth. Ground sections study is important in any part of research. For a dentist this phenomenon is less understood, and this article brings in limelight various methods and study pattern of ground sections of teeth. With this knowledge an understanding and performing ground sections of teeth becomes a well start for dental graduates. Various other modalities in histopathology are decalcification studies, histopathological staining procedures, special stains procedures, immunohistochemistry. All the histopathological modalities have their own importance and are used appropriately in the study of oral pathology.

Design and stiffness analysis of an overconstrained landing gear retraction mechanism with four side-stays

It is the first mission for a landing gear retraction system to extend the structure during the phases of take-off and landing of the flight. Besides, the structure should be available to improve the reliability, strength and stability of the system while reducing the influence of the landing gear on the total drag. However, a large number of airplane accidents are due to the malfunctions or failures of the landing gear retraction system. In this paper, a novel design of retraction system is proposed. Instead of having only one side-stay to execute the desired motion, this new design proposed an over-constrained mechanism with four side-stays, which augments the structural strength and stability of the landing gear system with six over constraints. With such configuration, a second actuating motor to retract the landing gear can be inserted regardless of the first actuator to augment the reliability on the execution of the mechanism. Analyses on the properties of the landing gear retraction system with four side-stays show that the landing gear strut has a vertical motion, which decreases the working and storage spaces used for the system. Finally, this paper examines the statics and the stiffness coefficients of the retraction system with respect to its structure parameters. This provides the optimum structure for the landing gear system in terms of strength and reliability.

Evaluation of Airplane Upset Recovery Training

Loss of control is one of the leading factors in hull losses and fatalities in airline aircraft. To reduce the risk of this type of accident, four types of airplane upset recovery training have been developed (ground-based flight simulation, aerobatic flight, ground-based flight simulation with aerobatic flight, and in-flight simulation). These were evaluated during in-flight reenactments of fatal, hull loss airline airplane accidents. A between-subjects design, with five groups of eight nonmilitary pilots flying in their probationary year for airlines, was used to evaluate these types of training. Each group had received a different type of training, including one group that had received no training. Each pilot completed a 1.4-hr evaluation flight in which eight airplane upsets were introduced. For some scenarios, training clearly works – specifically, 39 evaluation pilots recovered from the wind shear upset. But few evaluation pilots used bank to change the direction of the lift vector to recover from nose-high upsets. Further, very few used differential thrust to recover from rudder- or aileron-induced roll upsets (use of alternate controls). Finally, recovery attempts from icing-induced stalls were generally inadequate.

Multisensory Integration and Internal Models for Sensing Gravity Effects in Primates

Gravity is crucial for spatial perception, postural equilibrium, and movement generation. The vestibular apparatus is the main sensory system involved in monitoring gravity. Hair cells in the vestibular maculae respond to gravitoinertial forces, but they cannot distinguish between linear accelerations and changes of head orientation relative to gravity. The brain deals with this sensory ambiguity (which can cause some lethal airplane accidents) by combining several cues with the otolith signals: angular velocity signals provided by the semicircular canals, proprioceptive signals from muscles and tendons, visceral signals related to gravity, and visual signals. In particular, vision provides both static and dynamic signals about body orientation relative to the vertical, but it poorly discriminates arbitrary accelerations of moving objects. However, we are able to visually detect the specific acceleration of gravity since early infancy. This ability depends on the fact that gravity effects are stored in brain regions which integrate visual, vestibular, and neck proprioceptive signals and combine this information with an internal model of gravity effects.