Multi-Objective Land Use Allocation Optimization in View of Overlapped Influences of Rail Transit Stations

Taking into consideration the overlapped influences of multiple rail transit stations upon land use characteristics, this study newly develops a multi-objective land use allocation optimization model to decide the land use type and intensity of every undeveloped land block of an urban area. The new model is solved by successively utilizing the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm and the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution to obtain the least biased Pareto-optimal land development scheme. The study area is an urban region around two metro stations in Beijing of China. The influencing scopes of these two stations are overlapped in part, and many of the land blocks in the study area are not yet developed. It is shown that the newly developed land use allocation optimization model is able to rationally achieve multi-objectives in coordination to the most extents for the sustainable urban development in view of the integrated effect of multiple rail transit stations.

Late Holocene Sediment Deposition in Lake Wairarapa

<p>Lake Wairarapa is a highly modified lacustrine system at the southern end of the North Island, New Zealand. Not only is it situated in a region that is affected by catchment altering natural phenomena such as earthquakes, storms and fire, but both the catchment and hydrology of the lake have also been significantly altered by humans. Polynesian settlers arrived in the area approximately 700BP and proceeded to deforest the lowlands. European settlers began arriving from 1844AD onwards, completing deforestation of the lowlands and Eastern Uplands. In 1964 the Lower Wairarapa Valley Development Scheme was commissioned in an effort to alleviate flooding. This scheme significantly altered the hydrological regime of the lake. Interest in the condition of the lake and associated wetlands, and the realization that it has important recreational, cultural and ecological value, began to develop in the 1990's. This has led to a desire to see the lake restored to a more natural condition while still maintaining its flood protection capabilities. However, the lake has only been monitored over the last several decades. Any evidence of the lakes condition prior to this time is anecdotal and little is known of its natural tendencies and functions. This research has investigated and quantified morphological changes to Lake Wairarapa at the decadal and millenial scale using a combination of aerial photograph analysis, bathymetric survey comparison and lakebed core analysis. Study at these diverse scales has allowed the observed changes to be related to human environmental modification, while also being juxtaposed against natural trajectories of change. It is hoped that this can inform lake management and restoration efforts and provide a benchmark for measuring future changes to the lake, while also addressing wider issues concerning natural versus anthropogenic landscape change at the local and regional scale. The results of this project suggest that the lake has been steadily infilling over the last 6000BP – particularly along the eastern shore. For the two decades after significant hydrological changes to the lake associated with the Lower Wairarapa Valley Development Scheme, the rate of infilling on the eastern shore increased more than tenfold. However, this was accompanied by deepening in other parts of the lake. Today infilling along the eastern shore appears to have returned to natural rates and overall the lake in 2010 is only slightly smaller in volume than in 1975. Longer term anthropogenic influence on the lake and catchment was also evident. In particular Polynesian settlement and subsequent deforestation by fire was apparent in the lakebed cores. This result not only addresses the immediate issue of anthropogenic influence on this particular lacustrine system, but also informs the debate surrounding the dating of Polynesian arrival in New Zealand.</p>

Late Holocene Sediment Deposition in Lake Wairarapa

<p>Lake Wairarapa is a highly modified lacustrine system at the southern end of the North Island, New Zealand. Not only is it situated in a region that is affected by catchment altering natural phenomena such as earthquakes, storms and fire, but both the catchment and hydrology of the lake have also been significantly altered by humans. Polynesian settlers arrived in the area approximately 700BP and proceeded to deforest the lowlands. European settlers began arriving from 1844AD onwards, completing deforestation of the lowlands and Eastern Uplands. In 1964 the Lower Wairarapa Valley Development Scheme was commissioned in an effort to alleviate flooding. This scheme significantly altered the hydrological regime of the lake. Interest in the condition of the lake and associated wetlands, and the realization that it has important recreational, cultural and ecological value, began to develop in the 1990's. This has led to a desire to see the lake restored to a more natural condition while still maintaining its flood protection capabilities. However, the lake has only been monitored over the last several decades. Any evidence of the lakes condition prior to this time is anecdotal and little is known of its natural tendencies and functions. This research has investigated and quantified morphological changes to Lake Wairarapa at the decadal and millenial scale using a combination of aerial photograph analysis, bathymetric survey comparison and lakebed core analysis. Study at these diverse scales has allowed the observed changes to be related to human environmental modification, while also being juxtaposed against natural trajectories of change. It is hoped that this can inform lake management and restoration efforts and provide a benchmark for measuring future changes to the lake, while also addressing wider issues concerning natural versus anthropogenic landscape change at the local and regional scale. The results of this project suggest that the lake has been steadily infilling over the last 6000BP – particularly along the eastern shore. For the two decades after significant hydrological changes to the lake associated with the Lower Wairarapa Valley Development Scheme, the rate of infilling on the eastern shore increased more than tenfold. However, this was accompanied by deepening in other parts of the lake. Today infilling along the eastern shore appears to have returned to natural rates and overall the lake in 2010 is only slightly smaller in volume than in 1975. Longer term anthropogenic influence on the lake and catchment was also evident. In particular Polynesian settlement and subsequent deforestation by fire was apparent in the lakebed cores. This result not only addresses the immediate issue of anthropogenic influence on this particular lacustrine system, but also informs the debate surrounding the dating of Polynesian arrival in New Zealand.</p>

Arahan Penyusunan dan Perancangan Masterplan Desa Wisata Madu Retno Berbasis Wisata Budaya

Madu Retno Village is the first transmigration village in the Batulicin area which was formed in 1980. Initially, village management was under the guidance of the Transmigration Department with a duration of 1 year. The village is growing but not maximal in its stages. Judging from its potential, Madu Retno Village has a strong Hindu socio-cultural character. In its development, the existing potential has not been mapped thoroughly so that there is no complete planning and development scheme, it does not yet have the direction of goals contained in the development scheme, the thematic growth direction, and indicators to improve adequate infrastructure. The overall urgency can be realized through the preparation of a village master plan which will be prepared with the residents so that they will find and appreciate the expectations of the residents. The concept of an independent village is a top priority in the preparation of this village master plan, then the concept of a cultural tourism village becomes the next development effort so that Madu Retno Village will develop tourism and community culture independently.

Strategies used to address challenges encountered during website development in South Africa

Background: Whether a website design is a simple static page of plain text, a complex e-commerce matrix or a progressive web application, the journey is riddled with challenges. In terms of online users, every second counts when interacting with a website. It is estimated that 2 seconds is the acceptable webpage loading latency that users are willing to tolerate before abandoning a webpage. Users expect web applications to be more usable, reliable, secure, personalised and context-aware.Objectives: This study sought to identify the challenges faced and the strategies used during website development, and to then map a conceptual framework to address these challenges.Method: The 7Cs framework was the theoretical framework underpinning the study. Based on qualitative research, 12 website developers were sampled in Gauteng Province, South Africa, using non-probability sampling methods.Results: The 7Cs Website Development Scheme (7CWDS) charted from the research findings shows that the following strategies are essential in overcoming website development challenges: (1) good communication between developer and client, (2) agile planning and acceptance of project scope, (3) creation of website drafts and acceptance, (4) flexible website designs, (5) agile website development using a step-by-step approach, (6) website connections to Google Analytics, (7) connecting website to social media and (8) website cybersecurity scanning and testing.Conclusion: The study developed the 7CWDS as a toolkit that underlines critical strategies to address common challenges in website development, and presents them in a logical hierarchy and order of execution.

Simulation of Subsea and Platform Production Schemes to Quantify Flow Assurance Risks under Transient and Steady State Conditions in Offshore Kuwait

In offshore production, the type of field development scheme is crucial aspect due to its associated flow assurance risks, which affect project economic, safety, and sustainability. The objective of this study is to simulate and evaluate two offshore field development schemes, namely subsea and platform in offshore Kuwait. Further objective is to carry out detailed transient simulation study on the subsea scheme to investigate flow assurance risks related to terrain slugging, and hydrates formation during shut-in and re-start transient events. The evaluation of the two schemes is based on the associated flow assurance risks, and project economics. Steady state simulations are used to identify the feasible production scheme, which is further simulated under transient shut-in/restart events to investigate flow assurance risks related to terrain slugging and hydrates formation. The steady state simulation results of this study showed that flow assurance risks such as hydrates and pipeline corrosion are significant in both production schemes. To mitigate these risks, sixteen different field development designs of both production schemes were simulated and economically evaluated. Results revealed that the subsea multiphase development scheme with 10-in. ID carbon steel multiphase flowline and 0.3-in. thick polypropylene thermal insulation is the optimum design. Consequently, the optimum design is further analyzed under transient conditions, resulting in appreciable risk of terrain slugging due to hilly-terrain pipeline configuration, especially for the low production rate cases. The transient shut-in/restart simulation results revealed a risk of hydrates formation due to cooling effect during shut-in, which is mitigated by MEG injection. In conclusion, the subsea multiphase flow scheme is selected over platform scheme due to manageable flow assurance risks, low capital investment cost, and minimum environmental impact. This study would enable Kuwait Oil Company to evaluate different offshore development schemes to ensure sustainable production with safe operation and protected environment.

Daisy Chain and Manifold-Based Subsea Architectures for Brazilian Pre-Salt

Brazilian Pre-salts fields lie in approximately 2200 m w.d. in a challenging environment and are often characterized by highly corrosive produced fluids that pushed to the extreme the application of the most advanced material technology and engineering. Nevertheless, Lula, Sapinhoá, Mero and Búzios are definitively world-class prospects with production rates that may exceed 30.000 barrels per day per well. The development scheme of the Pre-salt fields followed the experience and the track record of the large number of deepwater fields that were previously developed in Brazil, in the post-salt regions, and is based on satellite wells tied to the floating production platform by means of dedicated production and service risers (i.e. each well has dedicated production and service lines). This satellite configuration offers the advantage to be simple, straightforward and resilient to field layout changes even during the project execution phase. However, the continuous pressure to which the Oil & Gas industry is exposed in order to increase profitability, reduce cost and, more recently, green house gas emission is encouraging Operators to evaluate different field architectures that are more traditionally implemented in other deepwater provinces outside Brazil and that the recent technology and construction asset developments made suitable also for a potential application in the Pre-salt fields. Moreover, those field architectures that are normally based on commingling of wells production are also prone to provide a faster production ramp-up and a reduced time to break even. This paper presents a description of possible Daisy Chain and Manifold-Based subsea architectures that are suitable to be applied to Brazilian pre-salt fields. The pros and cons of these alternative subsea layouts are explored. Additionally, cost and schedule analyses are presented to show the benefits of such architecture regarding CAPEX and ramp-up compared to satellite architecture, considering the "Brazilian pre-salt" scenario. Finally, a generic proposal for subsea architecture is presented for pre-salt developments jointly with practical solutions for typical operation demands related to flow assurance issues like, for instance, wax and hydrate management.

Knowledge of Aromatic Black Rice Growers Regarding Benefits Provided under Mission Organic Value Chain Development Scheme

The present study was carried out during 2020-21 in Thoubal and Bishnupur districts of Manipur state to assess the knowledge of aromatic black rice growers regarding the benefits provided under the Mission Organic Value Chain Development Scheme (MOVCDS). One hundred eighty aromatic black rice growers were interviewed for the study using a pre-tested interview schedule. The results revealed that a vast majority of over 85.00 per cent of the aromatic black rice growers had correct knowledge regarding the various benefits provided under MOVCDS. Education, organic farming experience, livestock possession, crop productivity, achievement motivation, aspiration, management orientation, economic motivation, risk orientation, innovative proneness, mass media exposure, training on organic farming, extension agency contact, and extension participation of aromatic black rice growers have significantly contributed in increasing the knowledge level of aromatic black rice growers regarding the benefits provided under MOVCDS. Further, extension agency contact, extension participation, and training on organic farming of aromatic black rice growers were found to be having the direct effect, indirect effect, and largest indirect effect in increasing the knowledge regarding the benefits provided under MOVCDS. The research finding validates the importance of training, extension participation, and extension agency contact in any social intervention to enhance the knowledge of the beneficiaries regarding the scheme or intervention.

Creation of a comprehensive algorithm for analysis of oil fields to increase their economic attractiveness and technological potential

The article proposes an algorithm for analyzing the development scheme and the gathering system for oil fields at a late stage of development in order to increase their investment attractiveness. The algorithm is carried out in several stages and is based on the use of the theory of fuzzy sets, which allows us to consider the field as a kind of fuzzy set and break down individual aspects of its operation into subsets.