HIGH EFFECTIVE RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGY OF REFINING VEGETABLE OILS

Показано, что эффективность комплексной рафинации зависит от организации и качества первичной очистки растительных масел непосредственно после их извлечения. Предложено использовать в качестве растительного адсорбента тонкодисперсный порошок из зерен фасоли, полученный их измельчением в роторно-валковом дезинтеграторе при давлении от 50 до 60 МПа. Для эксперимента использовали нерафинированное подсолнечное прессовое масло. Обработку масла полученным органическим порошком из зерен фасоли проводили следующим образом. Масло из форпресса при температуре от 95 до 100°С смешивали в роторно-валковом дезинтеграторе с адсорбентом в количестве 0,2% от массы масла, выдерживали в экспозиторе при температуре 90°С в течение 30 мин, а затем фильтровали. Установлено, что новый адсорбент обеспечивает повышение качества масла и полностью исключает присутствие в нем нежировых примесей и хлорогеновой кислоты. Исследована возможность использования электроактивированной воды в виде католита или анолита в качестве гидратирующего реагента при гидратации растительных масел. Для получения электроактивированной воды использовали водопроводную воду с рН 7,1 и окислительно-восстановительным потенциалом Eh +1,64 мВ. Электроактивированную воду получали в периодически действующем электролизере, варьируя продолжительность электролиза от 1 до 30 мин. Проведена пробная гидратация подсолнечного масла по традиционной технологии при температуре 60°С с последовательным введением католита и анолита с общим соотношением 1 : 1 в количестве 1% к массе масла. Установлено, что гидратация активированной водой подсолнечного масла, прошедшего очистку растительным адсорбентом, обеспечивает полное удаление фосфолипидов и значительное уменьшение массовой доли красящих веществ, снижение кислотного и перекисного чисел. Разработанные технологические решения позволяют готовить растительные масла к дистилляционной рафинации при более мягких температурных режимах масла и острого перегретого пара. It is shown that the efficiency of the complex of refining depends on the organization and quality of the primary refining of vegetable oils directly after their retrieval. Is offered use as a plant adsorbent a fine powder of grain beans obtained by their grinding in a rotary roller disintegrator at a pressure of from 50 to 60 MPa. For the experiment, crude sunflower press oil was used. Oil treatment of the obtained organic powder from the grain beans was performed in the following way. The oil from forpress at a temperature of from 95 to 100°C were mixed in a rotary roller disintegrator with the adsorbent in the amount of 0,2% by weight of oil, kept in exposure at 90°C for 30 min and then filtered. It is determined that the new adsorbent improves the quality of oil and completely eliminates the presence in him of non-lipid impurities and chlorogenic acid. In the next step the possibility of using electroactivated water in the catholyte or anolyte as a hydrating agent in the hydration of vegetable oils studied. Tap water with pH 7,1 and redox potential Eh +1,64 mV were used to obtain electroactivated water. Electroactivated water was obtained in the periodically current electrolytic cell, varying the duration of electrolysis from 1 to 30 min. Trial hydration of sunflower oil by traditional technology at 60°With sequential introduction of anolyte and catholyte with a common ratio of 1 : 1 in the amount of 1% by weight of oil carried out. It is established that hydration of sunflower oil by activated water, the last clean plant adsorbent, allows a complete removal of phospholipids and a significant decrease of the mass fraction of pigments, reduction of acid and peroxide numbers. Developed technological solutions allow to cook vegetable oils by distillation refining with milder temperatures oil and sharp superheated steam.

Mathematical Investigation of Functions

Generally, when the independent variable of a given exponential function is used as an exponent, the function is considered an exponential. Thus, the following can be examples of exponential functions: $f(x) = ab^x + c$, $f(x) = ae^bx + c$, or $f(x) = e^{a^2+bx+c}$. However, deriving functions of these types given the set of ordered pairs is difficult. This study was conducted to derive formulas for the arbitrary constants a ,b, and $c$ of the exponential function $f(x) = ab^x + c$. It applied the inductive method by using definitions of functions to derive the arbitrary constants from the patterns produced. The findings of the study were: a) For linear, given the table of ordered pairs, equal differences in $x$ produce equal first differences in $y$; b) for quadratic, given the table of ordered pairs, equal differences in $x$ produce equal second differences in $y$; and c) for an exponential function, given a table of ordered pairs, equal differences in $x$ produce a common ratio in the first differences in y. The study obtained the following forms: $b=\sqrt[d]{r}$, $a=\frac{q}{b^n {(b^d-1)}}$, $c=p-ab^n$. Since most models developed used the concept of linear and multiple regressions, it is recommended that pattern analysis be used specifically when data are expressed in terms of ordered pairs.

Cross-modal commutativity of magnitude productions of loudness and brightness

In their fundamental paper, Luce, Steingrimsson, and Narens (2010, Psychological Review, 117, 1247-1258) proposed that ratio productions constituting a generalization of cross-modality matching may be represented on a single scale of subjective intensity, if they meet “cross-dimensional commutativity.” The present experiment is the first to test this axiom by making truly cross-modal adjustments of the type: “Make the sound three times as loud as the light appears bright!” Twenty participants repeatedly adjusted the level of a burst of noise to result in the desired sensation ratio (e.g., to be three times as intense) compared to the brightness emanating from a grayscale square, and vice versa. Cross-modal commutativity was tested by comparing a set of successive ×2×3 productions with a set of ×3×2 productions. When this property was individually evaluated for each of 20 participants and for two possible directions, i.e., starting out with a noise burst or a luminous patch, only seven of the 40 tests indicated a statistically significant violation of cross-modal commutativity. Cross-modal monotonicity, i.e. checking whether ×1, ×2, and ×3 adjustments are strictly ordered, was evaluated on the same data set and found to hold. Multiplicativity, by contrast, i.e., comparing the outcome of a ×1×6 adjustment with ×2×3 sequences, irrespective of order, was violated in 17 of 40 tests, or at least once for all but six participants. This suggests that both loudness and brightness sensations may be measured on a common ratio scale of subjective intensity, but cautions against interpreting the numbers involved at face value.

Analogical Predication and Divine Simplicity

The notion of analogy plays an important role in Steven Duby’s project of theologia. Traditional Reformed theology understands analogy as an “analogy of attribution” based on the creature’s participation in God’s own perfections. Duby’s discussion of analogy addresses its grounds, main forms and variations, and limitations. In response, this article suggests supplementing Duby’s broadly Thomistic explanation with key elements from the Scotist theory of univocal predication. The first benefit of this integration is a clearer balance of apophatic and kataphatic tendencies in the doctrine of God. The second result is a more sophisticated account of the doctrine of divine simplicity, combining Thomas’ emphasis on the common ratio for predicating terms of God and creatures with the Scotist notions of disjunctive properties and distinctio formalis. While speaking about God’s essence by different concepts is necessary because of our limited understanding, it is also grounded in the reality of God Himself.

COVID 19 in Bangladesh: Assumption of possible infection and death

It is a painful job to predict the death of people. But sometimes it is important to predict the future and concern the government. A furious future is waiting for Bangladesh. Objective: Objective of the study is to assume the number of positive case and death till 30th December, 2020 in Bangladesh. Study design: This study was designed with systematic review and data analysis. Method: The study was completed by analyzing data available on website. First COVID 19 case in Bangladesh was identified on 8th March. Analyzing the data increasing rate/common ratio of infection and death has been identified. Then this common ratio has been used in the formula of multiplication series. Data of China, Iran, Italy and the USA was also analyzed to assume how the death and case number increased. Social issues of Bangladesh were also analyzed. Considering all these the assumption was made. Result: It has been assumed that by the 43rd week (on 30th December, 2020) of first identification the total case can be 17024322 and total death can be 86265 by 30 December, 2020. As this is an assumption this can be true, partially true or false. But the base of assumption is strong enough so the possibility of being true or nearly true is higher. Policy Suggestion: Government should choose properly one between two options. Either government should declare curfew or let people lead normal life. A very weak lock down for a long time does not make any sense.

The Relation between Behavior under Risk and over Time

The paper establishes a tight relation between nonstandard behaviors in the domains of risk and time, by considering a decision-maker with non-expected utility preferences who believes that only present consumption is certain while any future consumption is uncertain. We provide the first complete characterizations of the two-way relations between the certainty effect and present bias, and between the common ratio effect and temporal reversals. (JEL D11, D15, D81, D91)