scholarly journals Cross-modal commutativity of magnitude productions of loudness and brightness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Ellermeier ◽  
Florian Kattner ◽  
Anika Raum
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Noise Burst ◽  
Ratio Scale ◽  
Psychological Review ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Common Ratio ◽  
Subjective Intensity ◽  
Single Scale ◽  
Fundamental Paper

AbstractIn their fundamental paper, Luce, Steingrimsson, and Narens (2010, Psychological Review, 117, 1247-1258) proposed that ratio productions constituting a generalization of cross-modality matching may be represented on a single scale of subjective intensity, if they meet “cross-dimensional commutativity.” The present experiment is the first to test this axiom by making truly cross-modal adjustments of the type: “Make the sound three times as loud as the light appears bright!” Twenty participants repeatedly adjusted the level of a burst of noise to result in the desired sensation ratio (e.g., to be three times as intense) compared to the brightness emanating from a grayscale square, and vice versa. Cross-modal commutativity was tested by comparing a set of successive ×2×3 productions with a set of ×3×2 productions. When this property was individually evaluated for each of 20 participants and for two possible directions, i.e., starting out with a noise burst or a luminous patch, only seven of the 40 tests indicated a statistically significant violation of cross-modal commutativity. Cross-modal monotonicity, i.e. checking whether ×1, ×2, and ×3 adjustments are strictly ordered, was evaluated on the same data set and found to hold. Multiplicativity, by contrast, i.e., comparing the outcome of a ×1×6 adjustment with ×2×3 sequences, irrespective of order, was violated in 17 of 40 tests, or at least once for all but six participants. This suggests that both loudness and brightness sensations may be measured on a common ratio scale of subjective intensity, but cautions against interpreting the numbers involved at face value.

Time-varying dependence measures: a comparative analysis through wavelet approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyssa Trimech
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Crude Oil Price ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Single Scale ◽  
Measure Of Dependence

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the pattern of dependence between crude oil price and energy consumption of the most important economic sectors in the USA, over different time periods, using monthly data set from January 1986 to July 2014 and a comparative study between linear correlation versus copula correlation as a measure of dependence over the single scale and the multiscale analysis. Design/methodology/approach The proposed method is based on the multiresolution analysis which gives more extensive and detailed description of the dependence price-consumption pattern over different periods of time. Findings The empirical results show that the dependence between variables is strongly sensitive to the time varying and generally increasing with time scale. In particular, the Pearson coefficients are less than the dependence copula measures. The single-scale analysis covers many time-varying dependences which are made clear, flexible and comprehensive by the description given by the multiscale approach. It explains better the structure of relationships between variables and helps understand the variations and improve forecasts of the crude oil price and energy consumption over different time scales. Originality/value The proposed methodology offers the opportunity to construct dynamic management strategies by taking into account the multiscale nature of crude oil price and consumption relationship. Moreover, the paper uses wavelets as a relatively new and powerful tool for statistical analysis in addition to the copula technique that allows a new understanding of variable correlation. The paper will be of interest not only for academics in the field of data dependencies analysis but also for fund managers and market investors.

scholarly journals The weight of light

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Cesare Masin
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
Horizontal Line ◽  
Ratio Scale ◽  
Subjective Intensity ◽  
Low Luminance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Physical Laws

The study explored whether the knowledge of Archimedes’ law of the lever can be used to measure subjective intensities. Participants were presented with two achromatic rectangles on a horizontal line-drawn lever, one on the left and one on the right of the fulcrum. The left rectangle had a fixed low luminance. For different combinations of luminance and distance from the fulcrum of the right rectangle, participants were asked to position the left rectangle at a distance from the fulcrum such that the weight of the light emitted by the left rectangle kept the lever horizontal given the weight of the light emitted by the right rectangle. Most of the participants solved the task in accordance with their knowledge of Archimedes’ law. This finding is interpreted to imply that the perceived distance of the left rectangle from the fulcrum was proportional to the perceived brightness of the right rectangle. It suggests that people’s explicit or implicit knowledge of ratios and proportions in Archimedes’ law of the lever, and perhaps in other physical laws, could potentially be used to measure any subjective intensity on a ratio scale.

Rotational Characteristics of the Green Solar Corona: 1947-1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rybák ◽  
V. Rušin ◽  
M. Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Coronal Emission ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronal Emission Line ◽  
Homogeneous Data

AbstractFe XIV 530.3 nm coronal emission line observations have been used for the estimation of the green solar corona rotation. A homogeneous data set, created from measurements of the world-wide coronagraphic network, has been examined with a help of correlation analysis to reveal the averaged synodic rotation period as a function of latitude and time over the epoch from 1947 to 1991.The values of the synodic rotation period obtained for this epoch for the whole range of latitudes and a latitude band ±30° are 27.52±0.12 days and 26.95±0.21 days, resp. A differential rotation of green solar corona, with local period maxima around ±60° and minimum of the rotation period at the equator, was confirmed. No clear cyclic variation of the rotation has been found for examinated epoch but some monotonic trends for some time intervals are presented.A detailed investigation of the original data and their correlation functions has shown that an existence of sufficiently reliable tracers is not evident for the whole set of examinated data. This should be taken into account in future more precise estimations of the green corona rotation period.

Difference Fourier Analysis of Glucose Embedded and Frozen Hydrated Purple Membrane

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 74-75
Author(s):  
Jules S. Jaffe ◽  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
Purple Membrane ◽  
Data Set ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Fourier Techniques ◽  
Versus Protein ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Difference Fourier ◽  
Ideal Method

Although difference Fourier techniques are standard in X-ray crystallography it has only been very recently that electron crystallographers have been able to take advantage of this method. We have combined a high resolution data set for frozen glucose embedded Purple Membrane (PM) with a data set collected from PM prepared in the frozen hydrated state in order to visualize any differences in structure due to the different methods of preparation. The increased contrast between protein-ice versus protein-glucose may prove to be an advantage of the frozen hydrated technique for visualizing those parts of bacteriorhodopsin that are embedded in glucose. In addition, surface groups of the protein may be disordered in glucose and ordered in the frozen state. The sensitivity of the difference Fourier technique to small changes in structure provides an ideal method for testing this hypothesis.

Algorithms for automated montage synthesis of images from laser-scanning confocal microscopes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 650-651
Author(s):  
D. E. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Computational Synthesis ◽  
Automated Cell Counting ◽  
Partial View ◽  
The Individual

An efficient, robust, and widely-applicable technique is presented for computational synthesis of high-resolution, wide-area images of a specimen from a series of overlapping partial views. This technique can also be used to combine the results of various forms of image analysis, such as segmentation, automated cell counting, deblurring, and neuron tracing, to generate representations that are equivalent to processing the large wide-area image, rather than the individual partial views. This can be a first step towards quantitation of the higher-level tissue architecture. The computational approach overcomes mechanical limitations, such as hysterisis and backlash, of microscope stages. It also automates a procedure that is currently done manually. One application is the high-resolution visualization and/or quantitation of large batches of specimens that are much wider than the field of view of the microscope.The automated montage synthesis begins by computing a concise set of landmark points for each partial view. The type of landmarks used can vary greatly depending on the images of interest. In many cases, image analysis performed on each data set can provide useful landmarks. Even when no such “natural” landmarks are available, image processing can often provide useful landmarks.

Merging of electron-diffraction intensities acquired with a slow-scan CCD camera of crotoxin complex crystals to 3.5Å resolution

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 104-105
Author(s):  
Jaap Brink ◽  
Wah Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Local Contrast ◽  
Camera Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Diffraction Mode ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Complex Crystals

Crotoxin complex is the principal neurotoxin of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus and has a molecular weight of 24 kDa. The protein is a heterodimer with subunit A assigneda chaperone function. Subunit B carries the lethal activity, which is exerted on both sides ofthe neuro-muscular junction, and which is thought to involve binding to the acetylcholine receptor. Insight in crotoxin complex’ mode of action can be gained from a 3 Å resolution structure obtained by electron crystallography. This abstract communicates our progress in merging the electron diffraction amplitudes into a 3-dimensional (3D) intensity data set close to completion. Since the thickness of crotoxin complex crystals varies from one crystal to the other, we chose to collect tilt series of electron diffraction patterns after determining their thickness. Furthermore, by making use of the symmetry present in these tilt data, intensities collected only from similar crystals will be merged.Suitable crystals of glucose-embedded crotoxin complex were searched for in the defocussed diffraction mode with the goniometer tilted to 55° of higher in a JEOL4000 electron cryo-microscopc operated at 400 kV with the crystals kept at -120°C in a Gatan 626 cryo-holder. The crystal thickness was measured using the local contrast of the crystal relative to the supporting film from search-mode images acquired using a 1024 x 1024 slow-scan CCD camera (model 679, Gatan Inc.).

Three-dimensional image analysis and visualization in confocal light microscopy

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
J. K. Samarabandu ◽  
R. Acharya ◽  
D. R. Pareddy ◽  
P. C. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Computer Graphic ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cellular Organization ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Computational Burden ◽  
Interactive Operation ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
Confocal Images ◽  
3D Digitization

In the study of cell organization in a maize meristem, direct viewing of confocal optical sections in 3D (by means of 3D projection of the volumetric data set, Figure 1) becomes very difficult and confusing because of the large number of nucleus involved. Numerical description of the cellular organization (e.g. position, size and orientation of each structure) and computer graphic presentation are some of the solutions to effectively study the structure of such a complex system. An attempt at data-reduction by means of manually contouring cell nucleus in 3D was reported (Summers et al., 1990). Apart from being labour intensive, this 3D digitization technique suffers from the inaccuracies of manual 3D tracing related to the depth perception of the operator. However, it does demonstrate that reducing stack of confocal images to a 3D graphic representation helps to visualize and analyze complex tissues (Figure 2). This procedure also significantly reduce computational burden in an interactive operation.

Identifying groups of airborne particles by ordination

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 856-857
Author(s):  
M. Shlepr ◽  
C. M. Vicroy
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Microelectronics Industry ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Source Materials

The microelectronics industry is heavily tasked with minimizing contaminates at all steps of the manufacturing process. Particles are generated by physical and/or chemical fragmentation from a mothersource. The tools and macrovolumes of chemicals used for processing, the environment surrounding the process, and the circuits themselves are all potential particle sources. A first step in eliminating these contaminants is to identify their source. Elemental analysis of the particles often proves useful toward this goal, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) is a commonly used technique. However, the large variety of source materials and process induced changes in the particles often make it difficult to discern if the particles are from a common source.Ordination is commonly used in ecology to understand community relationships. This technique usespair-wise measures of similarity. Separation of the data set is based on discrimination functions. Theend product is a spatial representation of the data with the distance between points equaling the degree of dissimilarity.

EMCAT: An automatic image-processing system for electron-microscopic tomography

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 418-419
Author(s):  
Weiping Liu ◽  
John W. Sedat ◽  
David A. Agard
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ordered Structures ◽  
Automatic Image Processing ◽  
Em Tomography

Any real world object is three-dimensional. The principle of tomography, which reconstructs the 3-D structure of an object from its 2-D projections of different view angles has found application in many disciplines. Electron Microscopic (EM) tomography on non-ordered structures (e.g., subcellular structures in biology and non-crystalline structures in material science) has been exercised sporadically in the last twenty years or so. As vital as is the 3-D structural information and with no existing alternative 3-D imaging technique to compete in its high resolution range, the technique to date remains the kingdom of a brave few. Its tedious tasks have been preventing it from being a routine tool. One keyword in promoting its popularity is automation: The data collection has been automated in our lab, which can routinely yield a data set of over 100 projections in the matter of a few hours. Now the image processing part is also automated. Such automations finish the job easier, faster and better.

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