The Importance of Statebuilding: Additional Contributions from a Military Perspective

Since the early beginning, stability, prosperity and security have been core values for the members of the transatlantic community. Efforts have been made for reconciliation over human lives lost in war, to understand and to solve dramatic changes in societies, to rebuild economies after heavy losses in goods, and to repair and maintain destroyed basic infrastructure; these are still ongoing concerns that present periodical challenges for all participating states. Statebuilding approaches can be described in many theoretical ways, but in practice – based on historical experience – they can be either peaceful or very bloody. In order to realise unknown and extreme factors and to give them adequate answers there is an urgent need for a stable, reliable and effective system.The Hungarian Defence Forces has a long history in peace operations, however, the latest missions conducted, especially in the Balkans and in Afghanistan, provided lots of useful experience related to different statebuilding efforts. In this paper the authors explain the basic general relations between state and the military, in normal – or ideal – circumstances, illustrated – as a comparison – with different elements and factors in statebuilding efforts in case of extreme conditions such as war, failing states or even a hypocritical emergence of state-like entities.

Assessment of efficiency of treatment of patients with acute HIV infection with use in the scheme of antiretroviral therapy elsulfavirin

Целью исследования явилась оценка эффективности лечения больных острой ВИЧ-инфекцией при раннем назначении антиретровирусной терапии с включением в схему элсульфавирина. В исследовании участвовали больные острой ВИЧ-инфекцией, находившиеся на лечении в инфекционных отделениях ГБУЗ НСО «Городская инфекционная клиническая больница № 1». Использование данного препарата в схемах комбинированной терапии показало высокую вирусологическую и иммунологическую эффективность терапевтического режима. Раннее начало антиретровирусной терапии больным острой ВИЧ-инфекцией с выбором схемы, включающей отечественный препарат элсульфавирин, в короткие сроки купирует высокий уровень виремии, что важно для эффективного лечения. Research objective was assessment of efficiency of treatment of patients with acute HIV infection at early purpose of antiretroviral therapy with inclusion in the scheme of an elsulfavirin. The patients with acute HIV infection who were on treatment in infectious departments of «Municipal infectious hospital No. 1» participated in a research. Use of this drug showed high virologic and immunological performance of the therapeutic mode in schemes of a combination therapy. The early beginning of antiretroviral therapy by the patient with acute HIV infection with the choice of the scheme ARVT including domestic drug elsulfavirin in short terms stops the high level of a viremiya that is important for effective treatment.

What can we learn from COVID-19 data by using epidemic models with unidentified infectious cases?

Background: The COVID-19 epidemic, which started in late December 2019 and rapidly spread throughout the world, was accompanied by an unprecedented release of reported case data. Our objective is to propose a fresh look at this data by coupling a phenomenological description to the epidemiological dynamics. Methods: We use a phenomenological model to describe and regularize the data. This model can be matched by a single mathematical model reproducing the epidemiological dynamics with a time-dependent transmission rate. We provide a method to compute this transmission rate and reconstruct the changes in the social interactions between people as well as changes in host-pathogen interactions. This method is applied to the cumulative case data of 8 different geographic areas. Findings: We reconstruct the transmission rate from the data, therefore we are in position to understand the contribution of the dynamical effects of social interactions (contacts between individuals) and the contribution of the dynamics of the epidemic. We deduce from the comparison of several instantaneous reproduction numbers that the social effects are the most important in the dynamic of COVID-19. We obtain an instantaneous reproduction number that stays below $3.5$ from early beginning of the epidemic. Conclusion: The instantaneous reproduction number staying below $3.5$ implies that it is sufficient to vaccinate $71\%$ of the population in each state or country considered in our study. Therefore assuming the vaccines will remain efficient against the new variants, and to be more confident it is sufficient to vaccinate $75-80\%$ to get rid of COVID-19 in each state or country. Funding: This research was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche in France (Project name: MPCUII (PM) and (QG))

Writing for Change

This work outlines challenges to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in science. This contribution explores the authoring of accessible books of science for children with intentionally diverse characters and protagonists as a possible solution to social conditioning in terms of who scientists are perceived to be, and which may pose the early beginning of challenges to DEI among us all.

Treatment of Foot Deformities in Children under 3

Introduction. The choice of treatment options of foot deformity in children is the most acute in the first years of life. In this regard, the need for hospital stay of a child is debatable today. A number of interventions in the treatment of foot pathology can be performed on an outpatient basis.The aim of this study was to improve clinical outcomes of pes equino-varus treatment using the Ponseti procedure, and the Dobbs vertical talus correction combined with massage, physiotherapy and exercise therapy on the outpatient and inpatient basis in pediatric population. Methods. The study included 106 children who were examined and treated at N.F. Filatov Children's City Clinical Hospital in 2015-2020.Results. The study revealed that, if left untreated, the orthopedic pathology of the feet in children is often accompanied by pain, functional changes and a high risk of disability, the fact evidencing high social significance of the studied nosology. In all examined children a congenital deformity of the foot was completely eliminated after a comprehensive assessment and a combination of conservative and surgical correction techniques. Conclusions. Careful adherence to the Ponseti procedure is required to achieve a complete pes equino-varus correction. Early beginning of correction is the most beneficial due to its effectiveness.

Smoking incidence over the labor health

Background. As risk factor and cause of morbidity and mortality, smoking is close related with labor health. The early beginning in tobacco consumption and the high tobacco intensity consumption are determining several negative consequences over labor health and labor productivity too. Objective. To describe the incidence of smoking over the labor health. Matherials and methods. Was made a descriptive research about the incidence of smoking over the labor health. For that were used as theorical methods the historic – logic, the inductive – deductive and the comparative. As empiric method was used the bibliographic research. Results. A high smoking impact over the labor health determines leasing labor capability, leasing labor productivity and leasing social redistribution potentialities in favor to dependence social sectors no associated to the labor activity. Conclusions. Smoking saves a close relation with labor health. This risk factor act reducing it value since the epidemiologic, economic and social point o view.

University of Medical Science of Havana Faculty of Medical Science “10 de Octubre” Smoking incidence over the labor health

Background: As risk factor and cause of morbidity and mortality, smoking is close related with labor health. The early beginning in tobacco consumption and the high tobacco intensity consumption are determining several negative consequences over labor health and labor productivity too. Objective: To describe the incidence of smoking over the labor health. Materials and methods: Was made a descriptive research about the incidence of smoking over the labor health. For that were used as theorical methods the historic – logic, the inductive – deductive and the comparative. As empiric method was used the bibliographic research. Results: A high smoking impact over the labor health determines leasing labor capability, leasing labor productivity and leasing social redistribution potentialities in favor to dependence social sectors no associated to the labor activity. Conclusions: Smoking saves a close relation with labor health. This risk factor act reducing it value since the epidemiologic, economic and social point o view.

PEMANFAATAN WARISAN KEDATUAN SRIWIJAYA SEBAGAI SUMBER PEMBELAJARAN

Sriwijaya Kadatuan founded by Dapunta Hiyang Sri Janayasa in 682 had been widely developed and later became as one the famous maritime kingdom in the history. Most of the people lived from sailing and trading. This fact was closely related to the availability of ample natural resources they used for trading commodities. Sumatra had been a well- known place for trading goods based on forest and mining products, as well as other natural resources. Having these wealthy commodities, many foreigners from overseas countries such as Arab, Persian, Indian, and Chinese, had been deliberately come to visit Sriwijaya for trading. The existence of Sriwijaya in Sumatera along with its rich natural resources and its vital position in regional trading had triggered the place turn out into the prominent kingdom. During 8-12 century, this kedatuan had controlled over Melaka strait; a main sailing and trading channels during the period. Moreover, Kadatuan Sriwijaya presumably had taken control over the western sea of archipelago. Although the existence of Sriwijaya have been widely known, in actual fact, most of the people have not yet well informed about its preeminence in the past. This is because a number of valuable information still tied up. The similar circumstances in educational setting, inadequate information about Sriwijaya have an effect on the children’s understanding and perception on glorious and great values of our nation in the past. Even if there were some accessible information, but they were only scrappy and extraneous historiographies. As the consequences, a number of important aspects for the historical information have faded away that brought about barriers to the children in appreciating the historical inheritances from the past. Considering the important of recognizing the historical inheritances for our national living, there should be an adequate knowledge and understanding on the historical inheritance to be passed on to children since the early beginning. So, the utilization of historical inheritance as the learning resources in education becomes a need and a necessity. Therefore, the process for digging great values from the past prominent could be used in more appropriate and meaningful for the purpose of nowadays and future needs.

Bringing terroir back to the roots? A methodological proposal for studying local food products

Purpose In line with various scientific papers warning against an inconsistent use of this adjective for food qualification, the purpose of this paper is to point out the sweeping assertion that “local” equates to “ecological”. Design/methodology/approach Looking beyond the measurement of carbon emissions to assess impacts on the environment, this paper addresses ecological issues in terms of interactions with the environment. To this end, it enhances an under-the-skin approach that goes through “local” fruit and vegetables to look into seed management and plant breeding practices. Findings This method, tested with 2 vegetative species – apple and potato – on 12 case studies in Europe, allows to build a typology that discriminates between: producing food without reproducing plants, grafting trees and storing tubers for maintaining landraces, and sowing seeds to restart the breeding process from the early beginning, trying in this way to enhance the capacity of plants to better fit with their environment. The typology matches a gradient that describes various degrees of intensity of environment–society relationships, from disconnection to adaptation – conceived on the one hand as already stabilized and on the other hand as still evolving. Research limitations/implications This analytical framework sheds light on contradictions that many local food networks have to face while yearning for a recognition by a geographical indication. Originality/value The paper argues that vegetal material might be a fruitful research object for tracking the controversies that unfold along the construction of local food products. It discusses social constructivist approaches of terroir while advocating for a materialist approach.