Bargaining power in informal trilogues: Intra-institutional preference cohesion and inter-institutional bargaining success

Informal trilogue meetings are the main legislative bargaining forum in the European Union, yet their dynamics remain largely understudied in a quantitative context. This article builds on the assumption that the negotiating delegations of the European Parliament and the Council play a two-level game whereby these actors can use their intra-institutional constraint to extract inter-institutional bargaining success. Negotiators can credibly claim that their hands are tied if the members of their parent institutions hold similar preferences and do not accept alternative proposals or if their institution is divided and negotiators need to defend a fragile compromise. Employing a measure of document similarity (minimum edit distance) between an institution's negotiation mandate and the trilogue outcome to measure bargaining success, the analysis supports the hypothesis for the European Parliament, but not for the Council.

Institutional Constraints on the Rate of Derivatives in Leveraged Exchange-Traded Fund

This study confirmed whether the rate of derivatives in leveraged exchange-traded funds (ETF) calculated by derivatives and net asset value (NAV) affect their tracking errors. This research established three findings. First, when the rate of derivatives was limited at 100%, the tracking error of the leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the index was affected by the rate of derivatives. Second, when the rate of derivatives was eased to 200%, the same-day tracking error of the leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the futures index that launched after the constraints was affected by the rate of derivatives. Third, this study analyzed the constraints of the rate of derivatives after determining whether the leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the index indicates whether the rate of derivatives is close to 200%. As a result, even when the rate of derivatives is slightly over the 200% limit, the tracking error was lower. Even when the constraints were slightly over the limit, the tracking error was shown to be significantly lower than the other data set. This result implies that when there is an institutional constraint on the rate of derivatives, there can be limitations to fund management of leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the futures index.

Em busca de categorias de mansplaining: pesquisadoras compartilhando informações sobre violências sofridas | Seeking categories of mansplaining: researchers sharing information about violence suffered

RESUMO Estudo que analisa manifestações de sexismo compartilhadas através das postagens do blog Academic Men Explain Things to Me. Descreve o blog e apresenta o conceito de compartilhamento de informação como um tipo específico de prática informacional realizado em plataformas digitais. Correlaciona os conceitos de epistemologias do Sul à concepção de humanidades digitais, compartilhamento de informações, tendo como referência interpretativa as contribuições epistemológicas advindas do Sul. Foram descritas e analisadas as postagens com maior quantidade de interações, sendo propostas as seguintes categorias de mansplaining: Incapacidade intelectual (II), Xenofobia (XE), Racismo (RA), Manifestação de agressividade (MA), Constrangimento (CO), Estigmatização (ES), Constrangimento institucional (CI) e Apropriação de discurso (AD). Conceitua tais categorias e as identifica quanti-qualitativamente através da apresentação dos resultados das análises das 176 últimas postagens. Identifica a predominância da categoria “Incapacidade intelectual” nas postagens. Conclui que as violências simbólicas identificadas nas postagens do blog são produto de manifestações sexistas de diferentes naturezas.Palavras-chave: Mansplaining; Sexismo; Compartilhamento de Informações; Humanidades Digitais; Epistemologias do Sul.ABSTRACT This study analyzes manifestations of sexism shared through blog posts Academic Men Explain Things to Me. Describes the blog and presents the concept of information sharing as a specific type of informational practice performed on digital platforms. It correlates the concepts of epistemologies of the South to the conception of digital humanities, information sharing, having as interpretive reference the epistemological contributions coming from the South.The postings with the greatest number of interactions were described and analyzed, and the following categories of mansplaining were proposed: Physical and intellectual disability (II), Xenophobia (XE), Racism (RA), Manifestation of aggression (MA), Embarrassment (CO), Stigmatization (ES), Institutional constraint (CI) and Discourse appropriation (AD). It conceptualizes such categories and identifies them quantita-qualitatively through the presentation of the results of the analyzes of the last 176 posts. Identifies the predominance of the category Physical and intellectual disability in posts. It concludes that the symbolic violence identified in the blog posts are the product of sexist manifestations of different natures.Keywords: Mansplaining; Sexism; Information Sharing; Digital Humanities; Epistemologies of the South.

Power Sharing and the Rule of Law in the Aftermath of Civil War

What effect do power-sharing institutions agreed to as part of civil war settlements have on the development of the rule of law in post–civil war states? We contend that power-sharing measures facilitate the emergence of the rule of law in two ways. First, they establish a form of institutional constraint that promotes judicial autonomy and independence. Second, they foster a sense of security among judges and other political actors that bolsters commitment to the law. We demonstrate the plausibility of a positive relationship between power sharing and the rule of law through an analysis of post–civil war states between the years 1948 and 2006. Our findings suggest that civil war settlements can help to establish the rule of law when they include mechanisms aimed at allaying the insecurities of political actors in the postconflict environment.

Nobody Knew How Complicated: Constraining The President's Power To (Re)Shape Health Reform

Beginning on inauguration day, President Trump has attempted an executive repeal of the Affordable Care Act. In doing so, he has tested the limits of presidential power. He has challenged the force of institutional and non-institutional constraints. And, ironically, he has helped boost public support for the ACA's central features. The first two sections of this article respectively consider the use of the President's tools to advance and to subvert health reform. The final two sections consider the forces constraining the administration's attempted executive repeal. I argue that the most important institutional constraint, thus far, is found in multifaceted actions by states – and not only blue states. I also highlight the force of public voices. Personal stories, public opinion, and 2018 election results – bolstered by presidential messaging – reflect growing support for government-grounded options and statutory coverage protections. Indeed, in a polarized time, “refine and revise” seems poised to supplant “repeal and replace” as the conservative focus countering liberal pressure for a common option grounded in Medicare.

Situated Practice and the Emergence of Ethical Research

This article explores the role scientists at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), a US federal science agency, played in researching and testing vaccines against the human papillomavirus (HPV). Drawing upon archival sources and oral history interview data, I challenge narratives that attribute the design of HPV vaccines to profit motive. Instead, I show that the researchers who developed the technology attempted to construct ethical approaches to vaccine development based on the values that emerged from their situated environments of technological, organizational, and institutional constraint. I argue that interpretations of “translational research” native to the NCI influenced these researchers’ efforts to design and test HPV vaccines. The organizational culture of translational research emerging in the NCI positioned intramural research as a countervailing and supplementary force to market-oriented translational research and development. Over time, NCI researchers’ conceptions of the Institute’s role allowed them to develop understandings of ethical HPV vaccine research as oriented toward addressing cervical cancer health disparities, especially in developing nations. NCI scientists’ understanding of their role in serving the public good through continued HPV vaccine innovation reflects the material and political economic environment they faced at different historical junctures that constrained the possibilities for innovation and ethical action.

Respect

This chapter analyses the role of respect in personal law. Arguing that ‘respect’ means acknowledging that an entity has value in and of itself, it is maintained that if personal law is to be respectful of the individuals to whom it applies, it must recognize the value of the intimate. Examples are given where respect has not been shown, with reference to the law of nullity and divorce and the response of the law to homosexuality. The law must accept a sphere of personal interaction between adults and between adults and children, which is privileged by freedom from institutional constraint and censure. The right of parents in the way they care for and bring up their children and passing on religious beliefs are seen as an aspect of respect for the privileged sphere rather than as more general rights.

Historical Institutionalism and New Dimensions of Agency: Bankers, Institutions and the 2008 Financial Crisis

This article argues that historical institutionalism has bifurcated into two competing accounts: one focused on institutional stasis and the other on change. A more encompassing theory that accounts for both processes is constructed using a more detailed account of agency – one that utilises key inputs from cognitive and social psychology. This can better account for the conditions under which institutional constraint or change occurs and is used to explain the variable behaviour of bankers in the run-up to the 2008 financial crisis.

The revolution can't be finished ths way. Comment on Pedulla and Thebaud's Can we finish the Revolution

David Pedulla and Sarah Thebarud 2015 "Can we finish the revolution? Gender, work-family ideals and institutional constraint" American Sociological Review 80(1): 116-139 engages an important question about gendered preferences for a family division of labor with what they present as a significant survey experiment. Unfortunately, the weak and confounded operationalization of the independent and dependent measures, ineffective randomization of treatments, and inappropriate analytic decisions combine to make the conclusions drawn misleading and untrustworthy.

Organizational Identity and Institutional Forces

The existing literature offers divergent perspectives on the intersection between organizational identity (OI) and institutional forces. Some studies suggest that OI is socially constructed by organizational members, while others describe OI as highly constrained by institutional forces. Still others imply that OI serves as a filter influencing how members interpret institutional forces. We review and strive to integrate these varied perspectives. To do so, we distinguish between the content and structure of both OI and institutional forces. We suggest that the degree to which the content of institutional forces influences the content of OI resides along a continuum between institutional constraint and member agency. Further, we suggest that structural features of OI and institutional forces may act as filters that influence where along this continuum OI construction falls. Beyond integrating existing literature, this approach opens up new directions for research at the intersection of OI and institutional theory.