Development of evolutionary algorithms in the problems of managing the assortment of network pharmacies

The article explores the problems and existing methods of optimizing the financial performance of network pharmacies. Proposed a genetic method with the modification of the mutation operator to solve the problem of managing the range of pharmaceutical products based on evolutionary methods. The fundamental difference between the developed genetic algorithm and its existing counterparts is the ability to control the mathematical distribution of the values of the solution, which prevents premature convergence of the genetic algorithm and uses all proposed genes in fractions according to the chosen distribution model. In addition, three modifications to the genetic operator of mutations are proposed. The first modification is to choose the substitution values for a mutation not in a random way, but from a series, that obeys the law of normal distribution. The second modification serves to determine the appropriateness of the chromosome mutation, based on knowledge of retrospective and predictive data using as a predictive model of SNM. The third modification is the combination of the two modifications mentioned. The application of the developed methods will lead to a more effective use of the pharmacy area, to reduce unmet demand and, ultimately, to reduce the retail cost of drugs by reducing the costs of storing and servicing the suboptimal loading of the pharmacy

Impact of deleterious mutations, sexually antagonistic selection and mode of recombination suppression on transitions between male and female heterogamety

Deleterious mutations accumulating on non-recombining Y chromosomes can drive XY to XY turnovers, but are thought to prevent XY to ZW turnovers, because the latter require fixation of the ancestral Y. Using individual-based simulations, we explored whether and how a dominant W allele can spread in a young XY system that gradually accumulates deleterious mutations. We also investigated how sexually antagonistic (SA) polymorphism on the ancestral sex chromosomes, and the mechanism controlling X-Y recombination suppression affect these transitions. In contrast with XY to XY turnovers, XY to ZW turnovers cannot be favored by Y chromosome mutation load. If the arrest of X-Y recombination depends on genotypic sex, transitions are strongly hindered by deleterious mutations, and totally suppressed by very small SA cost, because deleterious mutations and female-detrimental SA alleles would have to fix with the Y. If, however, the arrest of X-Y recombination depends on phenotypic sex, X and Y recombine in XY ZW females, allowing for the purge of Y-linked deleterious mutations and loss of the SA polymorphism, causing XY to ZW turnovers to occur at a neutral rate. We generalize our results to other types of turnovers (e.g., triggered by non-dominant sex-determining mutations) and discuss their empirical relevance.

Origanum majoranaEssential Oil Lacks Mutagenic Activity in theSalmonella/Microsome and Micronucleus Assays

The present study aimed to investigate thein vitromutagenic activity ofOriganum majoranaessential oil. The most abundant compounds identified by GC-MS wereγ-terpinene (25.73%),α-terpinene (17.35%), terpinen-4-ol (17.24%), and sabinene (10.8%). Mutagenicity was evaluated by theSalmonella/microsome test using the preincubation procedure on TA98, TA97a, TA100, TA102, and TA1535Salmonella typhimuriumstrains, in the absence or in the presence of metabolic activation. Cytotoxicity was detected at concentrations higher than 0.04 μL/plate in the absence of S9 mix and higher than 0.08 μL/plate in the presence of S9 mix and no gene mutation increase was observed. For thein vitromammalian cell micronucleus test, V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts were used. Cytotoxicity was only observed at concentrations higher than or equal to 0.05 μg/mL. Moreover, when tested in noncytotoxic concentrations,O. majoranaessential oil was not able to induce chromosome mutation. The results from this study therefore suggest thatO. majoranaessential oil is not mutagenic at the concentrations tested in theSalmonella/microsome and micronucleus assays.

Induksi Mutasi Kromosom dengan Kolkisin Pada Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.) Kultivar ‘Kesuna Bali’ (Induced Chromosome Mutation Using Colchicine in Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) Cultivar ‘Kesuna Bali’)

Abstrak Tanaman bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) adalah tanaman holtikultura yang memiliki banyak manfaat terutama umbinya yang umumnya digunakan sebgai bumbu dan obat. Salah satu kultivar bawang putih yang ditanam di Bali adalah ‘Kesuna Bali’ yang hanya memiliki satu siung. Salah satu cara untuk memperbaiki karakter tanaman adalah dengan cara induksi mutasi kromosom dengan kolkisin. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh perlakuan kolkisin terhadap indeks stomata dan jumlah kromosom dari tanaman ‘Kesuna Bali’. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan enam ulangan. Perlakuan kolkisin yang digunakan adalah 5%, 10% dan 20%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan kolkisin menurunkan indeks stomata dan meningkatkan jumlah kromosom. Kromosom triploid (2n=3x=24) dihasilkan pada perlakuan kolkisin 20%. Kata kunci : Allium sativum L., ’Kesuna Bali”, kolkisin, mutasi, sitologi Abstract Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a horticultural crop that has many benefits, especially as spice and traditional medicine. One of garlic cultivars planted in Bali is ‘Kesuna Bali’ which only has one clove. To improve characters of ‘Kesuna Bali’, modification of ‘Kesuna Bali’ properties can be done by means of induced mutation using colchicine. This research aims to analyse the effect of colchicine on stomata index and the number of chromosomes of 'Kesuna Bali'. This research used randomized block design with six replicates. In this experiment the concentration of colchicine used were 5%, 10% and 20%. The results of this study showed that colchicine treatment of 20% resulted in the lowest stomata index and there was an increase in chromosome number. Colchicine at concentration of 20% resulted in triploid chromosome set (2n = 3x = 24). Keywords: Allium sativum L., ’Kesuna Bali”, cholchicine, mutation, cytology

Triangle and GA Methods for UAVs Jamming

We focus on how to jam UAVs network efficiently. The system model is described and the problem is formulated. Based on two properties and a theorem which helps to decide good location for a jammer, we present the Triangle method to find good locations for jammers. The Triangle method is easy to understand and has overall computational complexity ofON2. We also present a genetic algorithm- (GA-) based jamming method, which has computational complex ofOLMN2. New chromosome, mutation, and crossover operations are redefined for the GA method. The simulation shows that Triangle and GA methods perform better than Random method. If the ratio of jammers’ number to UAVs’ number is low (lower than 1/5 in this paper), GA method does better than Triangle method. Otherwise, Triangle method performs better.