scholarly journals Development and validation of standardization methods of aqueous sapropel extract

Pharmacia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-939
Author(s):  
Oksana Strus ◽  
Mariana Fedorovska ◽  
Serhii Holota ◽  
Natalia Polovko
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Standard Samples ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Quantification Method ◽  
Humic Compounds ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Standardization Methods

Methodological bases and uniform standardization criteria of humic compounds as substances for drug products have not been developed yet. This is due to the structural complexity of humic compounds, the variety of ways to extract them from natural objects, the impossibility of using many classical methods of analytical chemistry to identify and quantify humic substances (HS), the lack of standard samples. The identification of humic acids (HA) in the aqueous sapropel extract (ASE) is identified after extracting from ASE by alkaline hydrolysis by the quantification method. After further precipitation with a concentrated sulfuric acid solution characteristic dark brown color is appeared. It was carried out the HA extraction from the sample of ASE, the precipitation of HA, the oxidation of HA and Mohr’s salt titration in accordance with the methodology developed on the basis of SSTU 7083:2009. It was determined that the total mass fraction of HA in the ASE sample was 83.8 mg/g± 0.12%. The methods of identification and quantification of the total mass of HA in ASE have been developed and validated. The ASE has been standardized.

Thermodynamic theory of solutions

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris S. Bokstein ◽  
Mikhail I. Mendelev ◽  
David J. Srolovitz
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Thermodynamic Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Condensed Phases ◽  
Ideal Gases ◽  
Definition Of

A solution is a homogeneous mixture consisting of two or more components in which the composition can be continuously varied (within some range) with no change of phase. Solutions can be gases, liquids, or solids. We have already considered the properties of gaseous solutions (when we considered a mixture of ideal gases). In this chapter, we focus on condensed phases (i.e. liquids and solids). The composition of a solution can be described in several ways. Here are the most common: 1. The molar fraction of the ith component, xi, is the ratio of the number of moles of component i, ni, to the total number of moles of all species within the solution, n: 2. The weight fraction of the ith component, [i], is the ratio of the mass of component i, wi, to the total mass of all species within the solution, w: the weight fraction is often written as a weight percent [wt%] = 100[i]. 3. The molarity of the ith component, ci, is the number of moles of component i, ni per liter of solution, V: 4. The molality of ith component (used only for dilute solutions), mi, is the number of moles of component i, in 1 kg of solvent. There are several other definitions used to describe the composition of a solution, but we shall only refer to those described above in this text. The reason that there are so many definitions of the composition is related to how the term ‘‘concentration’’ is applied. For example, from the physical–chemical point of view, the molar fraction is the most convenient definition of the concentration since it is on an atomic basis. However, from the point of view of someone who has to prepare solutions from separate solutes and solvents, the mass fraction is the most convenient definition since it is directly related to the mass of the components, rather than the number of moles of the component. The former is easily measured, while the latter requires the additional knowledge of the molecular weight (and a trivial calculation).

scholarly journals Formation of globular clusters with multiple stellar populations from massive gas clumps in high-z gas-rich dwarf galaxies

2019 ◽  
Vol 622 ◽  
pp. A53 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bekki
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Globular Clusters ◽  
Dwarf Galaxies ◽  
Stellar System ◽  
Stellar Populations ◽  
Stellar Systems ◽  
Agb Stars ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Gas Accretion

Context. One of the currently favored scenarios for the formation of globular clusters (GCs) with multiple stellar populations is that an initial massive stellar system forms (“first generation”, FG), subsequently giving rise to gaseous ejecta which is converted into a second-generation (SG) of stars to form a GC. How such GCs with such FG and SG populations form and evolve, however, remains unclear. Aims. We therefore investigate, for the first time, the sequential formation processes of both FG and SG stars from star-forming massive gas clumps in gas-rich dwarf disk galaxies. Methods. We adopt a novel approach to resolve the two-stage formation of GCs in hydrodynamical simulations of dwarf galaxies. In the new simulations, new gas particles that are much less massive than their parent star particle are generated around each new star particle when the new star enters into the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase. Furthermore, much finer maximum time step width (~105 yr) and smaller softening length (~2 pc) are adopted for such AGB gas particles to properly resolve the ejection of gas from AGB stars and AGB feedback effects. Therefore, secondary star formation from AGB ejecta can be properly investigated in galaxy-scale simulations. Results. An FG stellar system can first form from a massive gas clump developing due to gravitational instability within its host gas-rich dwarf galaxy. Initially the FG stellar system is not a single massive cluster, but instead is composed of several irregular stellar clumps (or filaments) with a total mass larger than 106 M⊙. While the FG system is dynamically relaxing, gaseous ejecta from AGB stars can be gravitationally trapped by the FG system and subsequently converted into new stars to form a compact SG stellar system within the FG system. Interestingly, about 40% of AGB ejecta is from stars that do not belong to the FG system (“external gas accretion”). FG and SG stellar systems have different amplitudes of internal rotation and V∕σ. The mass-density (MSG−ρSG) relation for SG stellar systems can be approximated as ρSG ∝ MSG1.5. There can be a threshold total mass of GC host galaxies (Mth = [5 − 23] × 109 M⊙) beyond which the formation of GCs with compact SG stellar systems is possible. Both the initial baryonic mass fraction and the gas mass fraction in dwarfs are crucial parameters that determine whether or not GCs can contain multiple stellar populations. GCs with compact SG stellar systems are more likely to form in dwarf disks with larger gas mass fractions and higher surface mass densities. Formation of binary GCs with SGs and the subsequent GC merging are clearly seen in some models. The derived external gas-accretion process in FG systems initially consisting of stellar clumps will need to be investigated further in more sophisticated simulations.

Application of a differential technique in inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry: presentation of a relative reference measurement procedure for the determination of total mass fraction of uranium in mineralised rocks and similar matrices

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1912-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Murugesan ◽  
C. R. Khorge ◽  
A. A. Patwardhan ◽  
Manjeet Kumar ◽  
P. K. Tarafder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Plasma Emission ◽  
Reference Measurement ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Emission Spectrometry

A differential inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry as a relative reference measurement procedure for the determination of total mass fraction of uranium in mineralized rocks, ores and similar matrices is presented.

scholarly journals The Use of BrownAlgae Laminaria Saccharinain Iodine Enriched Products Aimed at PreventingIodine Deficiency

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Shokina ◽  
Yulia Kuchina ◽  
Ksenya Savkina ◽  
Elena Novozhilova ◽  
Katya Tatcienko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Algae ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Laminaria Saccharina ◽  
Fermented Dairy Products ◽  
Fermented Dairy

The high content of iodine in dried algae has allowed it to be used as a physiologically functional food ingredient in the technology of fortified foods, which can help prevent iodine deficiency. The aim of this research was to develop a technology for food products enriched with iodine (Italian crispbreads), as well as fermented dairy products (thick and drinking yoghurts with various fruit fillings). The brown algae Laminaria saccharina, which originates from the islandFrøya (in Norway), was used to enrich the products with iodine. This algaewas grown on the farms of the company ”Energy Solutions AS” and was dried by various methods of low-temperature drying (heat pump at a temperature of minus 10 ∘C, drying in 1-3 layers; vacuum freeze drying with pre-storage at a temperature of minus 8 ∘C; and pre-freezing and storing at a temperature of minus 25 ∘C for 2-6 days). The chemical composition of the algae was studied. The findings showed that the modes of pretreatment of algae and the method of cold drying did not influence the following indicators (in % of the total mass of dried algae): the mass fraction of water (6.00±0.50% to 6.93±0.50%),ash (46.40-50.14%), andsodium chloride (31.00±1.75%). The above technological factors substantially affected the content of protein and iodine in the dried algae. Thus, the mass fraction of protein varied from 5.88% to 12.35% per total mass, and iodine varied from 0.367% to 0.522% in terms of dry matter. The optimal dosage of dried algae for adding to raw material was calculated (which provided anabove-stated iodine content of % of the recommended level of adequate consumption in 100g of the developed products): from 66% in crispbreads to 88% in fermented dairy products. All new products provided a high level of organoleptic evaluation. Keywords: brown algae, Laminaria saccharina, iodine, functionalproduct, crispbreads, drinking yoghurts, thick yoghurts

scholarly journals Development of methods of identification and quantitative determination of active substances in semi-solid dosage forms with sapropel extracts

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Oksana Strus ◽  
Nataliia Polovko ◽  
Sergey Gushcha ◽  
Anna Filipska
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Maximum Absorption ◽  
Hexane Extraction ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Chromatographic Profile ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Identification And Quantification

For use in veterinary medicine for the treatment of the wound process and the prevention of mastitis, the composition and technology of an emulsion-based cream, conventionally called “Saprocream”, has been developed. Clinical trial of the drug “Saprocream” proved its effectiveness and safety for use in the healing of microtraumas, erosions and cracks (wounds) of the udders of cows. The aim of the research were was the standardization of the cream under the conventional name “Saprocream” for use in veterinary medicine as a wound healing agent, the development of methods of identification and quantification and their validation. Materials and methods. Test samples of emulsion cream type o / v, containing 15 % aqueous extract of sapropel (VES), 10 % oil extract of sapropel (OES), 6 % emulsifier No. 1, 1 % cetylstearyl alcohol, preservatives – 0.01 % nisin, 0.1 % euxil K 100 and purified water up to 100 g were made by phase inversion. The methods of pharmacopoeial articles of the European Pharmacopoeia of the 10th edition, SPhU 1.0, as well as industry standards were used to develop methods for identification and quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in the developed cream and its standardization. Results. The chromatographic profile of the acetone extract from the cream coincides with the chromatographic profile of the reference solution ((PRS) β-carotene), which indicates the presence of substances of carotenoid structure. The absorption spectrum of hexane extraction from the cream in the range from 500 nm to 750 nm has a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 670±2 nm, which coincides with the maximum absorption of hexane solution OES, indicating the presence of chlorophyll. A method for quantifying the total mass fraction of humic acids (HA) has been developed and it has been established that the total mass fraction of HA in cream samples with sapropel extracts is 0.828 %. The results of the validation of the method show that there is a linear relationship between the concentration of the total mass fraction of HA and the mass of the AES sample with a correlation coefficient of 0.9981 (³ 0.9981). The developed technique is precise, because the value of the relative confidence interval is less than the critical value for the convergence of the results: D %=1.34≤1.60 and the criterion of insignificance of systematic error d=0.51 is fulfilled. Conclusions. An emulsion-based cream under the conventional name “Saprocream” has been standardized, methods for identification and quantification of active substances have been developed and validation of the developed methods for use in veterinary medicine as a wound-healing and anti-inflammatory agent has been carried out.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of Novel Analytical Simultaneous Estimation Based UV Spectrophotometric Method for Doxycycline and Levofloxacin Determination

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 5458-5478
Keyword(s):  
Solvent System ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Percent Recovery ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Development And Validation

The thorough literature study uncovered that none of the most perceived pharmacopeias or any journals includes a method for simultaneous estimation of Doxycycline and Levofloxacin in combination by UV/Visible spectroscopy. So, it was felt fundamental to build up a system that will serve as a solid, precise UV technique for the simultaneous estimation of Doxycycline and Levofloxacin. DOXH and LVXH showed λmax at 273nm and 287nm respectively, and iso-absorptive point at 280nm in Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 prepared in Water: Methanol (80:20) dissolvable solvent system. Beer Lambert's law obeyed by both drugs within the concentration range of 2-20 μg/ml & r2 values of 0.9999 and 0.9998, which shows the good linearity. The method has been validated statistically and quantitatively regarding linearity, precision, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, and specificity according to the ICH guidelines. LOD for DOXH and LVXH were found to be 1.41 and 0.63 μg/ml, the LOQ was 4.30 and 1.92 μg/ml, respectively. Percent recovery at recovery level of 80%, 100% & 120% for DOXH was found to be 99.7, 99.66 & 99.69 & for LVXH 99.58, 99.66 & 99.63 respectively. Intra-day, Inter-day & precision analysis by different analyst was found to be 0.767, 0.563, 0.440 %RSD for DOXH & 0.507, 0.532, 0.708 % RSD for LVXH. Sandell's sensitivity was discovered to be adequate, and this shows that extremely less measure of the two medications can be successfully recognized by this technique. Finally, it was concluded, the developed & validated method was helpful and appropriate for regular quality analysis and simultaneous determination of drug products containing DOXH and LVXH in combination.

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