The determination of synthesis conditions and color properties of pigments based on layered double hydroxides with Co as a guest cation

Nail polish, in particular gel polish, is the most commonly used cosmetic product. A component of the gel polish, which determines the consumer color characteristics of the gel polish. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are promising pigments. To expand the range of colors and shades of pigments, the use of LDH with colored host and guest cations is promising. The parameters of synthesis and color characteristics of samples of Zn-Co and Cu-Co hydroxide pigments were studied. To obtain LDH with Co as a guest cation in the synthesis, the conversion of cobalt to the trivalent state was carried out at a temperature of 80 °C using oxidation with atmospheric oxygen or sodium hypochlorite. The oxidation efficiency was evaluated by X-ray phase analysis by the presence or absence of cobalt-containing phases. The color characteristics of the synthesized pigment samples were studied by spectroscopic measurement and calculation in RGB, CIELab, and LCH color models. The low efficiency of cobalt oxidation at the moment of Zn-Co LDH synthesis with atmospheric oxygen at an elevated synthesis temperature of 80 °C was shown, while cobalt was released as a separate Co3O4 phase. A higher efficiency of cobalt oxidation at the moment of synthesis using sodium hypochlorite with the formation of Zn-Co LDH was revealed. It is recommended to use the hypochlorite oxidation of Co2+ to Co3+ in the LDH synthesis with Co in the form of a guest cation. The formation of a separate phase of zinc oxide was found in both types of oxidation due to the thermal decomposition of zinc hydroxide. Comparative analysis of color characteristics showed that all samples have a brown color of different saturation. It was revealed that during the formation of Co-containing LDH, the lightness of the color decreases. Color saturation increases in the case of a colored host cation, such as Cu.

Effect of Different Cavity Disinfectants on Microleakage

BACKGROUND Cavity disinfectants are frequently used for the elimination of bacteria that remain in the cavity, which are shown as the cause of secondary caries. However, its effect on microleakage from the tooth-restoration interface is still under investigation. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the effects of the use of three different cavity disinfectants on microleakage in Class V composite restorations. METHODS For this study, 28 permanent third molar teeth without caries and restoration were used. Class V cavities of 4 mm x 3 mm x 3 mm were prepared on the buccal surfaces of each tooth. The teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 7 teeth in each group. No cavity disinfectant was applied to the teeth in group 1. Tubulicid Red Label (Dental Therapeutics AB, Sweden) cavity disinfectant was applied to the 2nd group teeth, Cavity Cleanser (BISCO Inc., USA) cavity disinfectant to the 3rd group teeth, and Oxygenated Water (Dermosept, Turkey) cavity disinfectant to the 4th group teeth. Composite resin with universal adhesive and nanohybrid filler was applied to all samples in the groups in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturers, and finishing and polishing processes were performed. Then, the thermal cycle (NOVA, Konya, Turkey) procedure was applied. After the restorations were covered with nail polish, they were kept in a 5 % basic fuchsin solution. The teeth were cut vertically in the buccolingual direction and examined with a stereomicroscope at x 40 magnification. The results were statistically evaluated with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS When the microleakage scores were compared between the control group and the groups treated with Tubulicid Red Label (p:0.204), Cavity Cleanser (p:0.204) and Oxygenated Water (P: 0.788), it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSİONS It was determined that different cavity disinfectants applied in Class V cavities did not have a negative effect on microleakage and the closest results to the control group were seen in the group where cavity cleanser disinfectant containing 2 % chlorhexidine digluconate was applied. KEY WORDS Cavity Disinfectants, Class V Cavity, Microleakage.

Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals

Anthropomorphic practices are increasing worldwide. Anthropomorphism is defined as the tendency to attribute human forms, behaviors, and emotions to non-human animals or objects. Anthropomorphism is particularly relevant for companion animals. Some anthropomorphic practices can be beneficial to them, whilst others can be very detrimental. Some anthropomorphic behaviors compromise the welfare and physiology of animals by interfering with thermoregulation, while others can produce dehydration due to the loss of body water, a condition that brings undesirable consequences such as high compensatory blood pressure and heat shock, even death, depending on the intensity and frequency of an animal’s exposure to these stressors. Malnutrition is a factor observed due to consumption of junk food or an imbalance in caloric proportions. This can cause obesity in pets that may have repercussions on their locomotor apparatus. Intense human–animal interaction can also lead to the establishment of attachment that impacts the mental state and behavior of animals, making them prone to develop aggression, fear, or anxiety separation syndrome. Another aspect is applying cosmetics to pets, though scientific studies have not yet determined whether cosmetic products such as coat dyes, nail polish, and lotions are beneficial or harmful for the animals, or to what extent. The cohabitation of animals in people’s homes can also constitute a public health risk due to infectious and zoonotic diseases. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the adverse effects of anthropomorphism on the welfare of companion animals from several angles—physiological, sanitary, and behavioral—based on a discussion of current scientific findings.

Sealing Efficiency of MTA, Accelerated MTA, Biodentine and RMGIC as Retrograde Filling Materials

Summary Background/Aim: This in-vitro study evaluated the apical-sealing ability of MTA, MTA+10% CaCl2, Biodentine™ and RMGIC when used as retrograde material. Material and Methods: A total of 80 single-rooted bovine incisors were decoronated, instrumented, and divided into 4 groups according to retrograde material, as follows: Group 1: MTA (ProRoot MTA, Dentsply); Group 2: MTA (ProRoot MTA, Dentsply) + 10% CaCl2; Group 3: Biodentine (Biodentine®, Septodont); Group 4: RMGIC (Nova Glass -LC, Imicryl). Root surfaces were isolated with nail polish, and teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye at 37°C for 48 h. The extent of dye penetration (mm) was measured under a stereomicroscope. Results: RMGIC had the highest mean-rank dye penetration score (MP=49.05), followed by MTA (MP=43.65), Biodentine (35.95) and MTA+CaCl2 (MP=33.35). The results of paired comparison tests found the mean microleakage value of MTA+10% CaCl2 and Biodentine (Group 3) to be significantly lower than that of RMGIC (respectively; p=0,020, p=0,019). No significant difference was found in the other group comparisons (p> 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that the addition of an accelerator to MTA may reduce microleakage following endodontic surgery. Biodentine can be used as an alternative to MTA on retrograde obturation.

Total Dystrophic Onychomycosis Successfully Treated with Efinaconazole Topical Solution in Times of COVID: A Case Study

Toenail onychomycosis is a common condition that is equally challenging for podiatrists and patients. This case study documents a 26-year-old woman with bilateral total dystrophic onychomycosis of at least 5 years' duration. She had previously failed to respond to treatment with ciclopirox nail lacquer 8% and despite hiding her condition with nail polish, was suffering from embarrassment, distress and low self-esteem. At initial consult, one hundred percent of both great toenails were affected. After discussion of all treatment options, the patient opted for topical efinaconazole 10% solution, once daily for 48 weeks. Significant improvement was noted at the first (4 week) assessment period. This improvement was maintained through each subsequent virtual consult and complete cure was seen at a 30-week follow-up visit. To the author's knowledge this is the first published report on the use of efinaconazole in total dystrophic onychomycosis. It suggests that the product may be effective in patients with even the most severe and treatment recalcitrant disease, who are unwilling or unable to tolerate systemic antifungal therapy.

Onychophagia as a clinical symptom: A pilot study of physicians and literature review

Although onychophagia is a medical condition and is associated with poorer health, there are no guidelines for assessment or treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical aspects of nail biting from doctors’ points of view, to estimate the prevalence of onychophagia among physicians, and to review the literature on and treatment methods for onychophagia. Twenty-four percent of doctors reported nail-biting periods during their lifetimes, and 2% of them remained active nail biters. A total of 64.4% of doctors see nail biting in their practices, and 60.6% never or only on request ask patients about nail biting and examine their nails. Family doctors and pediatricians ask their patients about nail biting most often. Attitudes and opinions on the treatment of nail biting are undefined and vary. Doctors reported usually treating nail-biting patients by referring them to another specialist or offering special nail polish. There is a need to improve physicians’ knowledge of nail-biting treatment methods, but a lack of studies evaluating the clinical aspects of onychophagia and its relation to mental health and emotion dysregulation. Further research is needed. Clinical attitudes toward nail biting could be more precise in training and medical practice.

The effect of different final irrigation solutions on apical impermeability

Aim: This study aimed to compare ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phytic acid, and citric acid as chelation agents in final irrigation procedures on teeth with apical impermeability. Methodology: We used 66 mandibular premolar teeth with a single root and single canal extracted for periodontal or orthodontic reasons. All teeth crowns were removed to achieve a 14-mm root length. Mechanical preparation of the root canal was completed with a Reciproc R25 (VDW, Munich, Germany) file system. Teeth were randomly separated into three groups: Group 1: 5 ml 17% EDTA, Group 2: 5 ml 1% phytic acid, and Group 3: 5 ml 20% citric acid. We used 6 ml 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in the mechanical preparation of all groups. Three teeth were selected for both the positive and negative control groups. All teeth in the experimental groups were filled by the lateral condensation method using AH Plus canal sealer and gutta-percha. For hardening of the canal sealer, samples were kept at 37 oC and at 100% humidity in a drying oven for 7 days. Later, following removal from the drying oven, two layers of nail polish were used to cover all but the apical 2 mm of each tooth. The teeth were then kept in 2% methylene blue solution at 37 oC for 7 days. The root was divided by cutting in the buccolingual direction and gutta-percha was removed. The dye leakage was measured linearly in millimeters (mm) under a stereomicroscope. Results: As a result of the apical leakage assessment, the lowest apical leakage is observed in the phytic acid group. There was a statistically significant difference between the phytic acid group and citric acid group. There was no statistically significant difference between other groups. Conclusion: While phytic acid showed similar results with EDTA on apical impermeability, it was more effective than citric acid. How to cite this article: Akın Tartuk G, Kaya S, Adıgüzel Ö. The effect of different final irrigation solutions on apical impermeability. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):201-5. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.28 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.