Bottomonium production and polarization in the NRQCD with $$k_T$$-factorization. III: $$\Upsilon (1S)$$ and $$\chi _b(1P)$$ mesons

The $$\Upsilon (1S)$$ Υ ( 1 S ) meson production and polarization at high energies is studied in the framework of the $$k_T$$ k T -factorization approach. Our consideration is based on the non-relativistic QCD formalism for a bound states formation and off-shell production amplitudes for hard partonic subprocesses. The direct production mechanism, feed-down contributions from radiative $$\chi _b(mP)$$ χ b ( m P ) decays and contributions from $$\Upsilon (3S)$$ Υ ( 3 S ) and $$\Upsilon (2S)$$ Υ ( 2 S ) decays are taken into account. The transverse momentum dependent (TMD) gluon densities in a proton were derived from the Ciafaloni–Catani–Fiorani–Marchesini evolution equation and the Kimber-Martin–Ryskin prescription. Treating the non-perturbative color octet transitions in terms of multipole radiation theory, we extract the corresponding non-perturbative matrix elements for $$\Upsilon (1S)$$ Υ ( 1 S ) and $$\chi _b(1P)$$ χ b ( 1 P ) mesons from a combined fit to transverse momenta distributions measured at various LHC experiments. Then we apply the extracted values to investigate the polarization parameters $$\lambda _\theta $$ λ θ , $$\lambda _\phi $$ λ ϕ and $$\lambda _{\theta \phi }$$ λ θ ϕ , which determine the $$\Upsilon (1S)$$ Υ ( 1 S ) spin density matrix. Our predictions have a reasonably good agreement with the currently available Tevatron and LHC data within the theoretical and experimental uncertainties.

A Non-Intrusive Particle Temperature Measurement Methodology Using Thermogram and Visible-Light Image Sets

The measurement of particle plume and curtain temperatures in particle-laden gravity-driven flows presents a unique challenge to thermometry due to the flow’s transient and stochastic nature. Earlier attempts to assess the bulk particle temperature of a plume using intrusive and non-intrusive methods have produced very limited success. Here we describe a non-intrusive method using a high-speed IR camera (ImageI8300 from Infratec) and a visible-light camera (Nikon D3500) to produce indirect particle temperature measurements. The IR camera produces thermogram sets mapping the apparent particle temperature, while the visible-light image sets allow for the calculation of the plume opacity as a function of flow discharge position. An in-house post-processing algorithm based on Planck’s radiation theory was developed to compute the true particle temperature which is a function of the apparent temperature (thermograms) and the plume opacity obtained from the visible-light images. To validate these results, a series of lab-scale tests generating particle curtains of known dimensions at various temperatures were performed. The lab-scale tests were conducted using a small particle receiver which is equipped with thermocouples to measure the temperature directly. Using the recorded thermocouple data, a particle temperature function can be derived empirically, based on the lumped capacitance model for a free-falling sphere. The empirical particle temperature function is then compared with the temperature data measured using the methodology outlined in this work yielding agreement of the bulk particle temperature of the plume. The methods described here will be developed further to estimate the heat losses from the falling particle receiver at Sandia National Labs.

Design and Testing of a Low-Tech DEW Generator for Determining Electromagnetic Immunity of Standard Electronic Circuits

This article describes the effect of high-power electromagnetic environments (HPEMs) on the operation of all basic elements of electrical power networks. Frequency bands are defined for the HPEM environments. Attention is focused particularly on directed energy weapons (DEWs) and intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI). A classification of DEW and IEMI generators in terms of E-field level and target distance from the DEW or IEMI generator antenna aperture is also described. The main focus of this article is on the design and testing of a low-tech DEW generator used to determine the electromagnetic immunity of standard electronic circuits. In addition, verification of electromagnetic immunity for a simple electronic circuit without adequate protection against the E-field is also explained. The outcome of this article is the determination of the E-field limits for fault-free operation, for malfunctioning states of the tested circuits and for irreversible destruction of the circuits. The measured E-field was compared to basic microwave radiation theory and to simulation results in COMSOL Multiphysics software (COMSOL, Inc. 100 District Avenue Burlington, MA 01803 USA).

The time domain numerical method of three-dimensional conductors including radiation with lumped parameter circuit

We formulate a numerical method on the transmission and radiation theory of three-dimensional conductors starting from the Maxwell equations in the time domain. We include the delay effect in the integral equations for the scalar and vector potentials rigorously, which is vital to obtain numerically stable solutions for transmission and radiation phenomena in conductors. We provide a formalism to connect the conductors to any passive lumped-parameter circuits. We show one example of numerical calculations, demonstrating that the new formalism provides stable solutions to the transmission and radiation phenomena.

Quantum theory and the General Theory of Relativity

Chapter 8 describes, in terms that are accessible to a general audience, the development of quantum theory and general relativity in the first decades of the twentieth century and in particular Lorentz’s contributions to these theories. Among other topics, it discusses radiation theory, the work of Max Planck, the work of Einstein, and the work of Niels Bohr. These scientific developments eventually led to the end of classical physics. Special attention is paid to Lorentz’s acceptance of Einstein’s general relativity.

Nonadaptive radiation of the gut microbiome in an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes with minor shifts for scale-eating

Adaptive radiations offer an excellent opportunity to understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics of gut microbiota and host niche specialization. In a laboratory common garden, we compared the gut microbiota of two novel trophic specialists, a scale-eater and a molluscivore, to a set of four outgroup generalist populations from which this adaptive radiation originated. We predicted an adaptive and highly divergent microbiome composition in the specialists matching their rapid rates of craniofacial diversification in the past 10 kya. We measured gut lengths and sequenced 16S rRNA amplicons of gut microbiomes from lab-reared fish fed the same high protein diet for one month. In contrast to our predictions, gut microbiota largely reflected 5 Mya phylogenetic divergence times among generalist populations in support of phylosymbiosis. However, we did find significant enrichment of Burkholderiaceae bacteria in both lab-reared scale-eater populations. These bacteria sometimes digest collagen, the major component of fish scales, supporting an adaptive shift. We also found some enrichment of Rhodobacteraceae and Planctomycetacia in lab-reared molluscivore populations, but these bacteria target cellulose. Minor shifts in gut microbiota appear adaptive for scale-eating in this radiation, whereas overall microbiome composition was phylogenetically conserved. This contrasts with predictions of adaptive radiation theory and observations of rapid diversification in all other trophic traits in these hosts, including craniofacial morphology, foraging behavior, aggression, and gene expression, suggesting that microbiome divergence proceeds as a nonadaptive radiation.

Nonadaptive radiation of the gut microbiome in an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes with minor shifts for scale-eating

Adaptive radiations offer an excellent opportunity to understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics of gut microbiota and host niche specialization. In a laboratory common garden, we compared the gut microbiota of two novel trophic specialists, a scale-eater and a molluscivore, to a set of four outgroup generalist populations from which this adaptive radiation originated. We predicted an adaptive and highly divergent microbiome composition in the specialists matching their rapid rates of craniofacial diversification in the past 10 kya. We measured gut lengths and sequenced 16S rRNA amplicons of gut microbiomes from lab-reared fish fed the same high protein diet for one month. In contrast to our predictions, gut microbiota largely reflected 5 Mya phylogenetic divergence times among generalist populations in support of phylosymbiosis. However, we did find significant enrichment of Burkholderiaceae bacteria in both lab-reared scale-eater populations. These bacteria sometimes digest collagen, the major component of fish scales, supporting an adaptive shift. We also found some enrichment of Rhodobacteraceae and Planctomycetacia in lab-reared molluscivore populations, but these bacteria target cellulose. Minor shifts in gut microbiota appear adaptive for scale-eating in this radiation, whereas overall microbiome composition was phylogenetically conserved. This contrasts with predictions of adaptive radiation theory and observations of rapid diversification in all other trophic traits in these hosts, including craniofacial morphology, foraging behavior, aggression, and gene expression, suggesting that microbiome divergence proceeds as a nonadaptive radiation.

The Evolution of New Trends in Breast Thermography

In this chapter, the theoretical foundations of infrared radiation theory and the principles of the infrared imaging technique are presented. The use of infrared (IR) images has increased recently, especially due to the refinement and portability of thermographic cameras. As a result, this type of camera can be used for various medical applications. In this context, the use of IR images is proposed as an auxiliary tool for detecting disease and monitoring, especially for the early detection of breast cancer.

Detailed Analytical Approach to Solve the Magnetoacoustic Tomography with Magnetic Induction (MAT-MI) Problem for Three-Layer Objects

This paper is devoted to an analytical approach to the magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) problem for three-layer low-conductivity objects. For each layer, we determined closed-form analytical expressions for the eddy current density and Lorentz force vectors based on the separation of variables method. Next, the analytical formulas were validated with numerical solutions obtained with the help of the finite element method (FEM). Based on the acoustic dipole radiation theory, the influence of the transducer reception pattern on MAT-MI was investigated. To obtain acoustic wave patterns, as a system transfer function we proposed the Morlet wavelet. Finally, image reconstruction examples for objects of more complex shapes are presented, and the influence of the MAT-MI scanning resolution and the presence of the noise on the image reconstruction quality was studied in detail.