Natural mouthwash of sarang banua leaves (Clerodendrum fragrans Vent Willd) extractas a healthy solution during the covid-19 pandemic

The spread of the COVID-19 virus has shaken the world. The application of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (CHLB) is the best effort to prevent the transmission of the Covid-19 virus. Maintaining oral and dental hygiene can improve health, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sarang Banua (Clerodendrum fragrans Vent Willd) is a local plant of North Sumatra, containing secondary metabolites of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, and quinones that have bioactivity such as antibacterial and antioxidant. The preparation of Sarang Banua mouthwash (SABANA) made from the extract of the sarang banua leaves with a concentration of 0.5 grams in 100 ml of preparation (0.5%) has been formulated, evaluated by organoleptic, pH and antibacterial test. The results of organoleptic and pH tests showed that SABANA mouthwash preparations were brown and slightly cloudy, tasted very distinctive, fresh, and eliminated bad breath with a pH of 7 in accordance with quality standards. About 70% of the panelists stated that they really liked the color, aroma, taste and appearance of SABANA mouthwash preparations. The results of antibacterial test against the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans ATCC (25175) showed that 0.5% and 0.75% of the oral antibacterial mouthwash was found to be effective as oral antibacterial with an average inhibition zone diameter of 16.55 and 16.9 mm. Through the activities of the Student Creativity-Entrepreneurship Program, SABANA mouthwash have been produced and marketed in the local as well as outside the city by online and offline-shop and have the opportunity to develop into a new entrepreneur.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Metal-Containing Ultraviolet-Cured Wood Floor Coatings

In our previous report, the antibacterial agents with different metals, mono(hydroxyethoxyethyl)phthalate [M(HEEP)2, M = Zn, Mn, and Ca], were synthesized. For increasing their yields, modified synthesis and purified processes were further investigated. The result of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the M(HEEP)2 could be stable and successfully synthesized, and their yields were raised to 73–85% from our previous report of 43–55%. For ultraviolet-cured wood floor coating application, the Zn(HEEP)2 was selected as an antibacterial agent and mixed with commercial UV wood floor coating. The effects on the antibacterial activity of UV films with different Zn(HEEP)2 additions of 0, 4, 8, and 12 phr as well as the commercial nano-Ag of 12 phr against Escherichia coli were evaluated. In the static antibacterial test, the UV films with Zn(HEEP)2 additions had similar antibacterial activity of 57–59%. In another dynamic shaking antibacterial test, the film containing 12 phr Zn(HEEP)2 had the best antibacterial activity among all the UV films. On the film properties, the Zn(HEEP)2-containing UV films had lower gloss and abrasion resistance, and slightly increased the hardness than those of UV film without Zn(HEEP)2 addition. However, there were no noticeable differences in mass retention, lightfastness, and thermal stability between UV films with and without the Zn(HEEP)2 addition. In this study, the 12 phr Zn(HEEP)2-containing UV film provided the best antibacterial activity against E. coli and had the balanced film properties for application on the UV wood floor coating.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Spirulina platensis

Spirulina is a microalgae that has been widely used as various supplements and medicines because of its high nutritional content. The need for new antibacterial sources to solve the problem of antibiotic resistance, makes the potential of Spirulina as an antibacterial agent necessary to be researched. This study aims to analyze the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis obtained from the Indonesian region against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Spirulina samples were macerated in ethanol solvent in a ratio of 1:10 (w / v). The antibacterial test used was the disc diffusion method with clindamycin positive control. Antibacterial test results showed that S. platensis in this study did not have antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.

Skrining Isolat Bakteri Asam Laktat Penghasil Bakteriosin yang Diisolasi dari Asinan Rebung Bambu Tabah dan Ketahanannya terhadap Panas

The aim of this study to determine the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from pickled tabah bamboo shoots can produce bacteriocins and the resistance to heat. This research was conducted in two stages, namely: 1) Screening of LAB isolates producing bacteriocin and 2) Testing the effect of heating temperatures of 80°C, 100°C and 121°C for 5, 10 and 15 minutes and without heating to bacteriocin resistance activity. In this study, the screening stage was carried out in two stages, namely: 1) antibacterial test with cell free supernatant and 2) antibacterial test with neutralized cell free supernatant. The resulting clear zone is observed then followed by calculating the value of Arbitrary Units (AU). The bacteria used as an indicator is Lactobacillus plantarum which is Gram positive bacteria. The results of this study indicated that of 88 LAB isolates there were 27 isolates that were able to produce bacteriocin. From 27 isolates, there were three isolates with the most potential to produce bacteriocins, namely isolate PR.6.10.5 with an inhibition zone of 17.67 mm and a bacteriocin activity value of 264.81 mm2/ml, isolate PR.6.15.2 with an inhibition zone of 17.33 mm and the bacteriocin activity value of 259.57 mm2/ml and isolate PR.3.15.1 with an inhibition zone of 17.00 mm and a bacteriocin activity value of 254.34 mm2/ml. Bacteriocins from LAB isolates isolated from pickled tabah bamboo shoots were able to withstand heating to a temperature of 121°C for 15 minutes. Bacteriocin activity decreased by an average of 27.75% after heating at 80°C, 100°C and 121°C for 5,10 and 15 minutes with a bacteriocin activity value from 141.82 mm2/ml to 254.34 mm2/ml. The smallest decrease in activity value occurred in PR.6.10.5 isolates with an average decrease of 22.98%. Keywords: Screening, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), bacteriocin, heat.

Air Rebusan Daun Sirih sebagai Antibakteri Alami untuk Mencegah Mastitis

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui diameter daya hambat air rebusan daun sirih terhadap bakteri penyebab mastitis. Bakteri yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. daun sirih yang digunakan adalah daun sirih hijau yang banyak tumbuh di Pulau Timor. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah faktorial dengan 3 waktu perebusan (30, 45 dan 60 menit) dan 3 konsentrasi (12.5%, 25% dan 50%) dengan 3 pengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa air rebusan daun sirih hijau belum mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli. Air rebusan daun sirih konsentrasi 50% dengan waktu perebusan 45 menit menunjukkan hasil penghambatan paling besar. Air rebusan daun sirih mampu menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus namun belum mampu menghambat bakteri Escherichia coli.Kata kunci: Escherichia coli, rebusan air daun sirih, Staphylococcus aureus, uji antibakteriABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to determine the inhibition of betel leaf decoction water against bacteria that caused mastitis. The bacteria used in this study are Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The betel leaves used are non-fragrant green betel leaves which are widely grown on Timor Island. The design used was a factorial pattern with 3 boiling time (30, 45 and 60 minutes) and 3 concentrations of boiled water (12.5%, 25% and 50%) with 3 replications. The results showed that the betel leaf decoction water was not able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. Betel leaf decoction water concentration of 50% with a boiling time of 45 minutes showed the greatest inhibitory effect. Betel leaf decoction water has been proven to be able to inhibit the Staphylococcus aureus but has not been able to inhibit Escherichia coli.Keywords: Escherichia coli, decoction of betel leaf water, Staphylococcus aureus, antibacterial test

Hand Sanitizer Ekstrak Daun Pucuk Idat (Cratoxylum glaucum) sebagai Antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli

<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-2cebd816-7fff-d997-4dfd-796d046d0d3b"><span>Daun pucuk idat merupakan tanaman lokal Bangka Belitung yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap </span><span>Staphylococcus aureus </span><span>dan</span><span> Escherichia coli.</span><span>Sebagai upaya pemanfaatan potensi lokal maka dibuat suatu produk sediaan gel </span><span>hand sanitizer</span><span> yang praktis dan ekonomis. </span><span>Ekstrak daun pucuk idat diperoleh dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut aseton. Ekstrak yang dihasilkan diformulasikan dalam berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak daun pucuk idat (40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%) dengan penambahan </span><span>carboxymethyl cellulose sodium</span><span> (</span><span>CMC-Na) 0,25 g, gliserin 1 mL, propilenglikol 0,5 mL serta akuades 10 mL. Setiap formulasi gel </span><span>handsanitizer</span><span> dilakukan pengujian stabilitas fisik meliputi uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, uji daya sebar, uji pH, uji iritasi kulit serta uji aktivitas antibakteri.</span><span> </span><span> Hasil uji organoleptik menunjukkan bahwa semua konsentrasi </span><span>hand sanitizer </span><span>berbentuk gel, berwarna kuning muda, berbau dan homogen. Uji pH dan daya sebar gel</span><span> hand sanitizer</span><span> telah memenuhi ketentuan SNI No. 06-2588. Pengujian iritasi kulit tidak menimbulkan kemerahan, gatal-gatal dan tidak mengakibatkan kulit menjadi kasar pada punggung tangan sukarelawan. Berdasarkan uji sifat fisik gel</span><span> hand sanitizer </span><span>yang dihasilkan memiliki sifat fisik yang serupa dengan gel </span><span>hand sanitizer </span><span>komersial. Hasil uji antibakteri hand sanitizer ekstrak daun pucuk idat terhadap </span><span>E. coli</span><span> dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daun pucuk idat 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100% diperoleh diameter zona hambat berturut-turut sebesar 11,5 mm, 17,4 mm, 19,3 mm dan 19,3 mm, sedangkan pada bakteri </span><span>S. aureus</span><span> diperoleh diameter zona hambat berturut-turut sebesar 17,1 mm, 24,2 mm, 27,4 mm, dan 18 mm. Hasil uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa sediaan gel </span><span>hand sanitizer </span><span>ekstrak aseton daun pucuk idat memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri </span><span>E. coli </span><span>dan </span><span>S. aureus</span><span>.</span></span></p><p><span><span><span id="docs-internal-guid-50d6ff2c-7fff-2e66-45f1-73cf49e6527a"><strong>Hand Sanitizer of Leaves Extract of Cratoxylum glaucum as Antibacterial of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. </strong><span>Cratoxylum glaucum</span><span> leaves is local plants of Bangka Belitung which have antibacterial activity against </span><span>S. aureus</span><span> and </span><span>E. coli</span><span>. As an effort to explore local potential, a practical and economical gel hand sanitizer product was prepared. </span><span>Cratoxylum glaucum</span><span> leaves extract was obtained by maceration method using acetone. The extract was formulated in various concentrations of </span><span>Cratoxylum glaucum</span><span> leaf extract (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) with the addition of 0.25 g carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na), 1 mL glycerin, 0.5 mL propylene glycol and 10 mL distilled water. Each concentration of the hand sanitizer gel was tested for physical stability including organoleptic, homogenity, spreadability, pH, skin irritation and antibacterial activity test. The organoleptic test results showed that all concentrations of hand sanitizers formed gel with light yellow color, smelly odor and homogeneous form. The analysis of pH and spreadability of hand sanitizer gel has fulfilled SNI No. 06-2588. The skin irritation testing does not cause redness, itching, and rough skin on the back of volunteer hands. Based on the physical properties test, the resulting hand sanitizer gel has physical properties similar to commercial hand sanitizer gel. The results of the antibacterial test of hand sanitizer against </span><span>E. coli</span><span> with </span><span>Cratoxylum glaucum</span><span> leaf extract concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% obtained the diameter inhibitory zones of 11.5 mm, 17.4 mm, 19.3 mm, and 19.3 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, the results of the antibacterial test of hand sanitizer against </span><span>S. aureus</span><span> bacteria with concentration of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% shows that the inhibition zone diameters were 17.1 mm, 24.2 mm, 27.4 mm, and 18 mm, respectively. The antibacterial test results shows that the gel hand sanitizer prepared has antibacterial activity against </span><span>E. coli</span><span> and </span><span>S. aureus</span><span> bacteria.</span></span></span></span></p>

Hand Sanitizer Ekstrak Daun Pucuk Idat (Cratoxylum glaucum) sebagai Antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli

<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-2cebd816-7fff-d997-4dfd-796d046d0d3b"><strong>ABSTRAK.</strong><span> Daun pucuk idat merupakan tanaman lokal Bangka Belitung yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap </span><span>Staphylococcus aureus </span><span>dan</span><span> Escherichia coli.</span><span>Sebagai upaya pemanfaatan potensi lokal maka dibuat suatu produk sediaan gel </span><span>hand sanitizer</span><span> yang praktis dan ekonomis. </span><span>Ekstrak daun pucuk idat diperoleh dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut aseton. Ekstrak yang dihasilkan diformulasikan dalam berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak daun pucuk idat (40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%) dengan penambahan </span><span>carboxymethyl cellulose sodium</span><span> (</span><span>CMC-Na) 0,25 g, gliserin 1 mL, propilenglikol 0,5 mL serta akuades 10 mL. Setiap formulasi gel </span><span>handsanitizer</span><span> dilakukan pengujian stabilitas fisik meliputi uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, uji daya sebar, uji pH, uji iritasi kulit serta uji aktivitas antibakteri.</span><span> </span><span> Hasil uji organoleptik menunjukkan bahwa semua konsentrasi </span><span>hand sanitizer </span><span>berbentuk gel, berwarna kuning muda, berbau dan homogen. Uji pH dan daya sebar gel</span><span> hand sanitizer</span><span> telah memenuhi ketentuan SNI No. 06-2588. Pengujian iritasi kulit tidak menimbulkan kemerahan, gatal-gatal dan tidak mengakibatkan kulit menjadi kasar pada punggung tangan sukarelawan. Berdasarkan uji sifat fisik gel</span><span> hand sanitizer </span><span>yang dihasilkan memiliki sifat fisik yang serupa dengan gel </span><span>hand sanitizer </span><span>komersial. Hasil uji antibakteri hand sanitizer ekstrak daun pucuk idat terhadap </span><span>E. coli</span><span> dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daun pucuk idat 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100% diperoleh diameter zona hambat berturut-turut sebesar 11,5 mm, 17,4 mm, 19,3 mm dan 19,3 mm, sedangkan pada bakteri </span><span>S. aureus</span><span> diperoleh diameter zona hambat berturut-turut sebesar 17,1 mm, 24,2 mm, 27,4 mm, dan 18 mm. Hasil uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa sediaan gel </span><span>hand sanitizer </span><span>ekstrak aseton daun pucuk idat memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri </span><span>E. coli </span><span>dan </span><span>S. aureus</span><span>.</span></span></p><p><span><span><span id="docs-internal-guid-50d6ff2c-7fff-2e66-45f1-73cf49e6527a"><strong>ABSTRACT. Hand Sanitizer of leaves extractof Cratoxylum glaucum as antibacterial of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. </strong><span>Cratoxylum glaucum</span><span> leaves is local plants of Bangka Belitung which have antibacterial activity against </span><span>S. aureus</span><span> and </span><span>E. coli</span><span>. As an effort to explore local potential, a practical and economical gel hand sanitizer product was prepared. </span><span>Cratoxylum glaucum</span><span> leaves extract was obtained by maceration method using acetone. The extract was formulated in various concentrations of </span><span>Cratoxylum glaucum</span><span> leaf extract (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) with the addition of 0.25 g carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na), 1 mL glycerin, 0.5 mL propylene glycol and 10 mL distilled water. Each concentration of the hand sanitizer gel was tested for physical stability including organoleptic, homogenity, spreadability, pH, skin irritation and antibacterial activity test. The organoleptic test results showed that all concentrations of hand sanitizers formed gel with light yellow color, smelly odor and homogeneous form. The analysis of pH and spreadability of hand sanitizer gel has fulfilled SNI No. 06-2588. The skin irritation testing does not cause redness, itching, and rough skin on the back of volunteer hands. Based on the physical properties test, the resulting hand sanitizer gel has physical properties similar to commercial hand sanitizer gel. The results of the antibacterial test of hand sanitizer against </span><span>E. coli</span><span> with </span><span>Cratoxylum glaucum</span><span> leaf extract concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% obtained the diameter inhibitory zones of 11.5 mm, 17.4 mm, 19.3 mm, and 19.3 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, the results of the antibacterial test of hand sanitizer against </span><span>S. aureus</span><span> bacteria with concentration of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% shows that the inhibition zone diameters were 17.1 mm, 24.2 mm, 27.4 mm, and 18 mm, respectively. The antibacterial test results shows that the gel hand sanitizer prepared has antibacterial activity against </span><span>E. coli</span><span> and </span><span>S. aureus</span><span> bacteria.</span></span></span></span></p>

Crude extract from a hardcoral-associated bacterium Virgibacillus salarius PHC-44-04 inhibiting growth of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter aerogenes human pathogen

Ayuningrum D, Muchlissin SI, Trianto A, Radjasa OK, Sabdono A. 2018. Crude extract from a hardcoral-associated bacterium Virgibacillus salarius PHC-44-04 inhibiting growth of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter aerogenes human pathogen. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 18: 78-83. Hardcoral-associated bacteria are potential sources of natural product compounds with wide range of activities, i.e. antibacterial activity, antiviral, anticancer, antifungal, etc. Virgibacillus salarius PHC-44-04 is a gram-positive bacterium that was isolated in prior research from hard coral Pavona sp. collected from Panjang Island, Jepara, Indonesia. This bacterium at the screening phase was showing high antibacterial activity against Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter aerogenes (MDR-EA). Therefore, this paper has aim to deliver the result of crude extract antibacterial test from V. salarius PHC-44-04 after being cultivated in liquid medium, to know the efficiency of using supernatant and pellet extract and to determine in which concentration was the minimum for antibacterial activity. The cultivation of bacterial isolates was using liquid medium Nutrient Broth, and the production of crude extract was using liquid-liquid extraction method. The liquid medium containing bacterial cell was separated using centrifuge with 8000 rpm became supernatant and pellet. The supernatant was extracted using ethyl acetate, while the pellet was extracted using methanol. The antibacterial test from both crude extract from supernatant and pellet was using disk diffusion method with several concentration as follows: 15 µg/mL, 30 µg/mL, 60 µg/mL, 90 µg/mL, 180 µg/mL, 250 µg/mL, 350 µg/mL, and 500 µg/mL. Each concentration was repeated in three replicates. The crude extract produced from 700 mL supernatant was 0.0667 g and from 50mL pellet was 0.0320. The pellet crude extract has higher mass but not having antibacterial activity against MDR-EA. The result showed only supernatant crude extract of V. salarius showed antibacterial activity against MDR-EA bacterium. The minimal crude extract concentration to inhibit the growth of MDR-EA was 60 µg/mL, meanwhile, the best concentration for exhibiting antibacterial activity was at 500 µg/mL with zone of inhibition (ZOI) diameter of 11.77 ± 0.8730 mm. Thus, supernatant should be the main source of crude extract production rather than the pellet to get high antibacterial activity.

FORMULATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL TEST OF STAR ANISE EXTRACT (Illicium verum Hook.F) AS A HAND SANITIZER

The hand becomes one of the body parts that are easily exposed to microorganisms because of their high mobility. Hand sanitizer is a liquid that can be used to kill microbes. Hands become one of the body parts that are easily exposed to microorganisms because of their high mobility. Hand sanitizer is a liquid that can be used to kill microorganisms. Most hand sanitizers contain alcohol and triclosan, which can be bad for the skin if used in excessive amounts. It is necessary to substitute alcohol and triclosan as an antibacterial, one of which is star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f). Star anise contains flavonoids and tannins, which can function as antibacterial and safe for health. The objective of this study was to make a hand sanitizer formulation from star anise and test its antibacterial strength. The method used was a laboratory experiment with stages; Star anise extraction and antibacterial test. The results of the hand sanitizer formulation of the biggest star anise extract in inhibiting are 10% star anise extract. Inhibitory zone of 10% star anise extract at 6.2 ± 0.76 mm and included in the medium category.

Antibacterial Test of Binahong Leaf Extract Ointment (Anredera cordifolia) Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria from Diabetic Wounds

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by an increase in glucose levels in the blood due to disorders of glucose metabolism in the body. The pancreas organ of people with DM has a weakness in producing the hormone insulin. As a result, the distribution of blood glucose to other organs of the body is inhibited so that glucose levels in the blood increase which causes DM sufferers to experience longer wound healing than normal humans. Binahong leaves contain alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids which have antibacterial activity which can accelerate the wound healing process. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of binahong leaf extract ointment (Anredera cordifolia) against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria from diabetic wounds. This research includes antibacterial test for binahong leaf extract ointment (Anredera cordifolia) with variations in the concentration of 10%, 20%, and 30% of the concentration of binahong leaf extract of 25% which resulted in a wound coverage percentage of up to 100%, namely at 30% ointment concentration. The conclusion of this study is that there was no wound closure for negative control and positive control in the form of oxytetracycline, the percentage of wound closure was 85%.