Does Frege Have a Metalinguistic Truth-Predicate in Begriffsschrift?

In the explanations of logical laws and inference rules of the mature version of Begriffsschrift in Grundgesetze, Frege uses the predicate “… is the True.” Scholars like Greimann maintain that this predicate is a metalinguistic truth-predicate for Frege. This paper examines an argument for this claim that is based on the “nominal reading” of Frege’s conception of sentences—the claim that for Frege a sentence “ $ p $ ” is equivalent to a nonsentential phrase like “the truth-value of the thought that $ p $ .” In particular, this paper attempts to establish two points concerning this argument based on the nominal reading. First, the argument implies a claim about the nature of assertion which Frege repeatedly denies in his mature works. Secondly, the nominal reading on which the argument depends is false. A sentence “ $ p $ ” is not equivalent to a nonsentential phrase like “the truth-value of the thought that $ p $ ” for Frege. Our discussion will lead to an important lesson about Frege’s conception of sentences and of assertion.

Making Sense of Reading Comprehension Assessments: Guidance for Evaluating Student Performance

Educators use reading comprehension assessments to summarize academic achievement, make decisions in diagnostic evaluations, and identify intervention needs. A challenge, however, with using different assessments in practice is that student performance may change depending on which assessment is administered. This article guides educators in evaluating student performance across multiple assessments, specifically when making decisions for students with learning disabilities (LD) in reading. First, this article provides educators with guidance in establishing a student’s foundational skills, specifically those that may contribute to low performance on reading comprehension assessments. Next, the article presents steps for examining the texts and assessment methods commonly used in measures of reading comprehension. The article concludes with recommendations for evaluating student performance when considering a student’s foundational skills and characteristics of reading comprehension assessments.

The Afterlife of Soviet Russia's “Refusal to be White”: A Du Boisian Lens on Post-Soviet Russian-US Relations

In this essay I address a gap in the study of contemporary Russia-US relations. I argue that the concepts of race and racialization are active in these relations and available for analysis, but they continue to receive very little attention as compared to concepts of democratization and securitization. My main intervention is the introduction of “race-conscious reading” as a methodological approach relevant not only to the narrow sphere of Russia-US relations, but to the field of Slavic studies more broadly. Presenting the concept of “race-conscious reading” first, I then sketch out a research agenda that extends W.E.B. Du Bois's race-conscious observation of Soviet Russia's “refusal to be white” into the contemporary era. My goal in sketching out this research agenda is to show how a race-conscious approach to reading post-Soviet Russia-US relations can bring fresh perspectives to long-standing questions—Is Russia part of the west?—and generate new questions of urgent relevance: Is there a difference between American and Russian conceptions of “whiteness,” and how and when do they clash?

A Study in Distant Reading: Genre and the Longue Durée in the Age of AI

This essay explores “distant reading,” first, as a project of studying genre at supratextual scales of analysis (from early conceptions to computationalist successors) and, second, through the prescient late Victorian literary persona with which the latter practices intersect. A Study in Scarlet, the novella that introduced Sherlock Holmes, offers the first meditation on distant reading. A split double plot that anticipates generic fissures within crime fiction broadly conceived, A Study in Scarlet creates a data-centric detective intelligence in dialogue with late Victorian statistical innovations that remain central to machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) today. Doyle’s generically split novella shows that the charismatic detective who dominates its first part is the merely partial virtuoso of a limited form. As such, A Study in Scarlet invites us to contemplate and clarify the humanistic stakes of machine “reading” during what some AI commentators conceive as a fourth industrial revolution.

КОНСТРУКЦИИ С ПОСЕССИВНЫМИ СУФФИКСАМИ И КВАНТИФИКАТОРАМИ В ПЕРМСКИХ ЯЗЫКАХ

Посессивные показатели в пермских языках широко используются за пределами контекстов, традиционно выделяемых в литературе по посессивным показателям (Aikhenvald, Dixon, 2013). В частности, как известно, данные показатели могут выражать определенность имени (Schlachter, 1960; Suihkonen, 2005; Едыгарова, 2010; Winkler, 2011). В силу этого, в литературе рассматривается гипотеза о грамматикализации данных показателей в функции определенного артикля (Fraurud, 2001). Однако есть ряд употреблений, которые прямо противоречат данной гипотезе: посессивные показатели регулярно используются в контекстах неопределенности (для обозначения элементов заданного множества или части целого), с неопределенными и вопросительными местоимениями, а также с квантификаторами и числительными. В настоящей работе предлагается объяснение данному явлению. Работа основана на данных печорского диалекта коми-зырянского языка и бесермянского удмуртского. Используется материал, полученный методом элицитации, и корпусные данные. Посессивные показатели в пермских языках не обладают свойством исключительности (exhaustivity) – свойство, характерное для посессивных местоимений в английском, французском и других языках (Simonenko, 2017; Simonenko in press). В результате, они могут отсылать к части определенного целого или к подмножеству определенного множества (напр., в бочке лежали камни, и он взял один камень). В частности, возможно употребление данных показателей в контексте числительных, квантификаторов и местоимений, допустимых в контекстах части определенного множества/целого (напр., кто из них, один из них, кто-то из них). Во всех этих контекстах посессивные показатели используются для референциальной отсылки, а не для кодирования определенного референциального статуса. Следовательно, функции посессивных показателей более адекватно описывать не в терминах определенности, а в терминах референциальный отсылки.Possessive markers in Permic languages are widely used outside the contexts that have been described as possessive relations (Aikhenvald, Dixon, 2013). In particular, they can signal definiteness (Schlachter,1960; Suihkonen, 2005; Edygarova, 2010; Winkler, 2011). As a consequence, there are works that consider the hypothesis of grammaticalization of possessive markers in Permic as definite articles (Fraurud, 2001). However, they can be used in contexts that require an indefinite reading: first, they encode indefinite elements of a definite set or part of a mass; second, they occur with indefinite and interrogative pronouns; and third, they are used with quantifiers and numerals (in contexts of indefiniteness). The present paper offers an explanation for this phenomenon. The work is based on the data of the Pechora dialect of Komi-Zyrian and the Beserman dialect of Udmurt. Both the elicitation and corpus methods are used. The Permic possessive markers do not exhibit exhaustivity, which is observed with possessive pronouns in English, French and other languages (Simonenko, 2017; Simonenko in press). They can denote an indefinite part of a definite mass or an indefinite subset of a definite set (e.g., there were some stones in the barrel, and he took a stone). Hence, they can be used with numerals, quantifiers and pronouns that can introduce an indefinite part of a definite set or mass (e.g. which of them, one of them, someone of them). In all those contexts the possessive markers are used as referential devices, rather than markers of definiteness. Hence, their functions are adequately described in terms of reference, rather than in terms of definiteness.

Conclusion

This book has defended two main claims. First, Spinoza’s moral philosophy underwent a significant evolution from his early writing (TIE and KV) to the later works (TTP, Ethics, and TP). The outcome of this evolution is that he downplayed his early commitment to the epistemic self-sufficiency of the mind by developing a new account of the relationship between reason and passions. Second, Spinoza’s later account of reason is built on the notion of agreement in nature, which leads to considering rationality the mental expression of the extent to which individuals cooperate with others and agree in nature with the other parts of the causal network in which they operate. This general conclusion stresses the two main consequences of this reading: first concerning the internal reasons that led Spinoza to revise his early views, and second concerning the philosophical achievements that came with this transformation.

FAKTA SEJARAH DALAM CERPEN INDAHNYA PERSATUAN KARYA ODHY’S

This research aims to know the historical facts behind the Odhy’s’s sort story Indahnya Persatuan. As the work of literature relates certainly to the space and time so those contexts will surround it certainly. Historical context denotes the problem which fills in that short story through reading first. Knowing included answering the historical context is used method of qualitative with theory of contextuality and socio-history for revealing the historical facts were appeared. Then, the result of research was found the historical fact related with the horizontal conflict between Dayaknese and Madurese. The other hand, the other historical facts were found as chronological history of that horizontal conflict. The conclusion of result of research was the short story Indahnya Persatuan containing the elements of historical facts were happened in West Borneo. Through those result can be mentioned that the process of literature work related deeply to contextuality, either the space or the time.

The Real Target of Kant’s “Refutation”

Kant was never satisfied with the version of his “Refutation” published in 1787 (KrV, B 275-279). His dissatisfaction is already evident in the footnote added to the preface of the second edition of the Critique in 1787. As a matter of fact, Kant continued to rework his argument for at least six years after 1787. The main exegetical problem is to figure out who is the target of the “Refutation”: a non-sceptic idealist or a global sceptic of Cartesian provenance or both. In this last case, a related problem is to know whether either of them is the Cartesian sceptic of the first Meditation, the idealist sceptic of the second Meditation and first part of the third Meditation, or some other non-sceptic idealist. I present and defend a new reconstruction of Kant’s “Refu­tation” as a successful argument against Mendelssohnian idealism of Cartesian provenance. This defence is based on a simple logical sketch of the proof provided by Dicker, but essentially modified in the light of Dyck’s insight about Kant’s opponent. How shall I support my reading? First, by appealing to overwhelming textual evidence according to which the proof is of the existence of mind-independent things, showing that Kant’s main opponent is Mendelssohn’s idealism of Cartesian provenance. Finally, I support my reading by showing that Kant’s “Refutation” is doomed to fail against all forms of global scepticism, but is quite successful against Mendelssohn’s idealism.

British Pop-Feminism on the Literary Marketplace

This chapter investigates post-chick-lit debates concerning the ‘democratization’ of fiction which collide with claims that the UK’s publishing industry inclines increasingly towards simplifying and sexualizing literary fiction written by women. Long-standing debates within feminist scholarship concerning the practices of reading first-person narratives written by women become compounded by the contemporary frameworks of market and genre within which those narratives are situated. Spiers examines three examples of pop-literary fiction by British writers Scarlett Thomas, Helen Walsh, and Gwendoline Riley, reading these against the corpus of British pop-feminist non-fiction and life narrative written by journalists Polly Vernon, Caitlin Moran, Ellie Levenson, and Hadley Freeman, and academics Catherine Redfern and Kristin Aune.