Profit Calculation in a late 14th century sole proprietorship, the case of Francesco DATINI

This paper examines the Profit on merchandise accounts (a forerunner of the income statement) in a sole proprietorship in Pisa that officially operated between 1386 and 1392, but took several months to finally end its activities, which it did in 1393. The Profit on merchandise account was where the balance on each goods account was transferred when all the items recorded in it were sold. The principal contribution of this paper is the identification of a unique approach to medieval product costing that ensured indirect expenses on merchandise were recovered from customers when sales took place, while earning an average return of over 10 percent on those costs. It also highlights the problems encountered when working with archival material that has deteriorated over time; and presents a research method that reconstructs missing data using the trail to original entries and contra entries recorded in double entry.

Operational Strategies of Online Food Delivery Businesses in Camarines Norte, Philippines

This research determined the operational strategies of online food delivery businesses in Camarines Norte, Philippines. It assessed the profile of the online food delivery businesses in terms of number of riders, initial capitalization, form of business organization, commonly used digital platform and average weekly deliveries; the operational strategies being implemented and the problems encountered on the aspects of resources and processes. Findings revealed that majority of online food delivery businesses have 11 to 15 riders, under sole proprietorship, uses social media platform, with 201 and above weekly deliveries. The operational strategies of online food delivery businesses include: monitoring of riders’ performances, use of cellular phones, desktop, tablet and laptop for monitoring customer needs; optimizing marketing budget through utilization of low-cost marketing campaigns and promotions; promotion using various social media platforms; and updating customers with their transactions from time-to-time via chat or Short Message Service (SMS). The problems encountered by online food delivery businesses are shortage of available riders during peak hours and threat of new entrants. The study recommended for food delivery business owners to revisit the human resource plans and create operations manual to provide clear guidelines and processes in implementing their operational strategies which are significant to their daily operations.

The Newly Sole Proprietorship as Limited Liability Company in Recent Indonesian Company Law

The recent Omnibus Law provides significant changing in the company legal order since the issuance of Government Regulation No. 8 of 2021. Under this GR, the sole proprietorship became a limited liability company. However, the liability construction of this newly born has not been regulated clearly and firmly and creates legal uncertainty. The purpose of this article is, first, to determine the appropriate liabilities of SPLLC (Sole Proprietorship as Limited Liability Company) and its founder, and second, to review and develop the legal mechanism for government to provide legal certainty. The study uses the normative juridical method with descriptive-analytical specifications. The study found that the absence of regulation on liability creates ambiguity and legal uncertainty on the appropriate liability for the new form of company. Finally, the study concludes that the appropriate liability of SPLLC and its founders should be determined firmly. Furthermore, three models of liability construction of the business owner are offered, including SPLLC with unlimited liability, SPLLC with limited liability, and SPLLC with certain liability.

Establishing an Annual Account for Performers of Independent Activity

The preparation of the Annual account is mandatory for all economic entities in the Republic of North Macedonia. Depending on the type of categorized economic entity, special forms are prepared prescribed by law, in order to summarize them in the Annual account. Performers of independent activity are economic entities that include an individual person – entrepreneur, sole proprietorship an individual person who is engaged in performing agricultural, craft activity, as well as a person who performs a service or free occupation. Accordingly, at the end of the year, it is necessary to prepare an Annual account which contains the Income and Expenses Balance, the Annual Tax Balance for determining the income tax from performing an independent activity and the Income Structure by activities. The main purpose of the paper is to reflect the legislation of a certain part of companies registered in accordance with the law in The Republic of North Macedonia for external reporting and tax purposes. Hence, as a conclusion, the practical preparation of the three forms, implemented in the Annual Account of a sole proprietorship can be seen.

D. Other legal forms for business

This chapter discusses various general-purpose legal forms for carrying on business. It starts with the simplest form of all, sole proprietorship (or self-employment). Two or more persons carrying on a business or profession in common with a view of profit are in partnership, which has developed into the sophisticated form of the limited liability partnership. The rest of the chapter is devoted to the various lesser used forms of company which can be registered under the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006). These are guarantee companies, unlimited companies and community interest companies. The chapter also discusses how re-registration can be used to transform various types of company into other types.

THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESSES AND PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN PROVIDING EMPLOYMENT IN AN INNOVATIVE ECONOMY

This article highlights the role of small business and private entrepreneurship in providing employment.At the same time, the article focuses on small business and sole proprietorship, which shows that this type of business can quickly explore the needs of a compact hidden market, produce a variety of products to meet local needs and offer them to markets at a low cost

Studi Perbandingan Perusahaan Perseorangan (Sole Proprietorship) Dan Koperasi (Cooperative) Pada Negara Laos & Indonesia

This study focused to conduct a comparative study of the legal form about individual company (Sole Proprietorship) and a Cooperative. This research using Normative legal research to examine legal rules related to corporate law in a country. The legal form of an individual company (sole proprietorship) is contained in the Laos "Enterprise Law" which was amended in 2013. Meanwhile, the cooperative in Laos is based on the "Enterprise Law", but the implementing regulations are subject to the "Decree On Cooperative" provisions, was made in 2009. The legal form of an individual company (sole proprietorship) in Indonesia is in Law No.3 of 1982, while cooperatives are contained in Law No.17 of 2017 concerning Cooperatives. The result of the research is that there are some fairly basic differences between individual companies (Sole Proprietorship) and Cooperative in Indonesia and Laos. This research have several comparative indicators can include the legal basis, company business activities, sources of capital, profits, losses, tax systems, and financing systems.

Activity proposal for the improvement of transversal competence “Knowledge of contemporary problems” in a university subject

The sole proprietorship enterprise, in its legal form of Autonomous Worker, is one of the most frequent and important today. Both for its tax obligations, as for the specific functional and management characteristics, as well as for its relevance in the services sector, it is interesting for the students to know and to assess their details and peculiarities In the planning guide of very few subjects the special characteristics of this business model are detailed, so we think it is interesting to dedicate a practical session to know how different the management of an Autonomous Worker is from that of the rest of corporate legal forms. We sincerely believe that this practical session could improve the learning of the transversal competence “Knowledge of Contemporary Problems” by the students. We also believe that this will be a very interesting experience that will familiarize students with a business reality that they will undoubtedly find in the near future. We propose that the most appropriate format for this teaching activity is that of Active Learning, since it implies a greater active participation of students, with the expectation therefore of better learning outcomes. In this specific case, we propose that an Autonomous Worker, with some academic training in management and administration, attends to the practical session with the students of the subject, and a practical workshop is held in which simulate different aspects of working life and Business of an Autonomous Worker. The result of this activity proposal, and its greatest novelty with respect to other teaching courses, is the proposal of 7 concrete and specific blocks to work with students in "group dynamics" format, as well as the presence of an experienced external speaker with academic training enough, so that students effectively reach the development of the skill that this competence proposes. With that, students are expected to get actively involved and to learn what the professional life of this type of business model is.

Studi Perbandingan Perusahaan Perseorangan (Sole Proprietorship) Dan Koperasi (Cooperative) Pada Negara Laos & Indonesia

This study focused to conduct a comparative study of the legal form about individual company (Sole Proprietorship) and a Cooperative. This research using Normative legal research to examine legal rules related to corporate law in a country. The legal form of an individual company (sole proprietorship) is contained in the Laos "Enterprise Law" which was amended in 2013. Meanwhile, the cooperative in Laos is based on the "Enterprise Law", but the implementing regulations are subject to the "Decree On Cooperative" provisions, was made in 2009. The legal form of an individual company (sole proprietorship) in Indonesia is in Law No.3 of 1982, while cooperatives are contained in Law No.17 of 2017 concerning Cooperatives. The result of the research is that there are some fairly basic differences between individual companies (Sole Proprietorship) and Cooperative in Indonesia and Laos. This research have several comparative indicators can include the legal basis, company business activities, sources of capital, profits, losses, tax systems, and financing systems.

Economic Situation of Hog Grower Industry in Nueva Ecija: Problems and Prospects

This study intended to investigate the problem and prospect of the hog raising industry in selected areas in the province of Nueva Ecija. Research questions were formulated and analyzed. The respondents in this study were made up of pig farmers in various types. In the Philippines, agriculture is considered a significant "driver" for economic growth, poverty alleviation, and food security. The general approach in pursuit of development is by increasing agricultural productivity through intensive agriculture and swine production. The different hog farms in the various municipalities in Nueva Ecija were farms whose operation is a sole proprietorship, registered piggery, and at least 45 heads of hogs. The data collected from the respondents were analyzed using simple percentages from the analysis of data; the following were the findings. The farm profile the respondent mainly were classified as a commercial operation, had workers of 1-2 male workers. The farms were involved in the sow-weaning-fattening process, used the traditional type of rearing system, raised 151-200 heads of fattening, 31-40 sow level, 151-200 heads of suckling, and one boar. Most of the respondents had a capital of more than 500,000 and maintained consultancy services with farms visited twice a month. For the majority of pig or hog farmers, the high costs of inputs, particularly in feeds considered as one of the significant problems.