Profit Calculation in a late 14th century sole proprietorship, the case of Francesco DATINI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Kuter ◽  
Charles Richard Baker ◽  
Marina Gurskaya
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Average Return ◽  
Product Costing ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Sole Proprietorship ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Principal Contribution ◽  
Over Time

This paper examines the  Profit on merchandise  accounts (a forerunner of the income statement) in a sole proprietorship in Pisa that officially operated between 1386 and 1392, but took several months to finally end its activities, which it did in 1393. The Profit on merchandise   account was where the balance on each goods account was transferred when all the items recorded in it were sold. The principal contribution of this paper is the identification of a unique approach to medieval product costing that ensured indirect expenses on merchandise were recovered from customers when sales took place, while earning an average return of over 10 percent on those costs. It also highlights the problems encountered when working with archival material that has deteriorated over time; and presents a research method that reconstructs missing data using the trail to original entries and contra entries recorded in double entry.

scholarly journals PENGARUH LOGAM BERAT TIMBAL TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN ALGA Halimeda opuntia YANG DIKULTUR DALAM WADAH TERKONTROL

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Kristi Aji Sugiarto ◽  
Desy MH Mantiri ◽  
Nickson J Kawung ◽  
Rizald M Rompas ◽  
Sandra O Tilaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Algae Growth ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Bioremediation Agent

Heavy metal is a very dangerous pollutant waste for it cannot be destroyed (non-degradable) and over time it will accumulate in the ocean. This study aims to determine the lead content in sediment, water and algal thallus as well as to determine the algae growth that has been treated with lead. The research method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 3 treatments, using different treatments for each sample. The highest metal content obtained in the sediment was 5,124 ppm, in the water was 0.120 ppm, and in the algae thallus was 4,816 ppm respectively. The results showed that Halimeda opuntia algae can grow even in an environment contaminated with lead heavy metal and can become a bioremediation agent by absorbing lead heavy metal. Keywords: Halimeda opuntia, Lead Heavy Metal, Algae Culture, Bioremediation             Logam berat merupakan salah satu limbah pencemar yang sangat berbahaya karena tidak dapat dihancurkan (non degradable) dan dapat terakumulasi di perairan laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan timbal pada sedimen, air dan thallus alga yang dikultur serta mengetahui pertumbuhan alga yang telah diberi perlakuan timbal. Metode penelitian mengunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 3 perlakuan, dengan menggunakan perlakuan yang berbeda pada tiap sampel dan kontrol. Kandungan logam tertinggi yang didapatkan pada sedimen yaitu sebesar 5,124 ppm, pada air sebesar 0,120 ppm, dan pada thallus alga sebesar 4,816 ppm. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu alga Halimeda opuntia dapat bertumbuh walaupun dalam lingkungan yang tercemar logam berat timbal serta mampu menjadi agen bioremediasi dengan menyerap logam berat timbal. Kata kunci: Halimeda opuntia, Logam BeratTimbal, Kultur Alga, Bioremediasi

Developing a Research Framework to Assess Online Consumer Behaviour Using Netnography in India

2016 ◽  
pp. 154-167
Author(s):  
Gautam Deka ◽  
Sumangla Rathore ◽  
Avinash Panwar
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Online Consumer Behavior ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Specialized Form ◽  
Online Consumer ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Online Consumer Behaviour

Netnography is a specialized form of ethnographic research that has been adapted to the unique contingencies of various types of computer-mediated social interaction. With the tremendous growth in the number of Internet users in India, the potential of utilizing netnography to study various aspects of management and business has also increased. Several e-Commerce companies have started operating in India since 2007. Over time, the number of online consumers has also increased in India. Therefore it is important to know the online consumer behaviour towards e-Commerce companies operating in India. Keeping the above facts in view, this chapter proposes Netnogrpahy as an effective research method to assess online consumer behavior. The chapter not only helps in providing future agenda for research, but also presents a framework that may be adopted to carry out Netnogrpahy of e-commerce related websites in India.

scholarly journals Social Insurance Accounting for a Notional Defined Contribution Scheme Combining Retirement and Long-Term Care Benefits.

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Vidal-Meliá ◽  
Manuel Ventura-Marco ◽  
Juan Manuel Pérez-Salamero González
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Accounting Model ◽  
Notional Defined Contribution ◽  
Double Entry

This paper develops a social insurance accounting model for a notional defined contribution (NDC) scheme combining retirement and long-term care (LTC) contingencies. The procedure relies on standard double-entry bookkeeping and enables us to compile a “Swedish” type actuarial balance sheet (ABS) following a framework equivalent to an open group approach. This methodology is suitable for reporting the system’s solvency status and can show periodical changes in the system’s financial position by means of an income statement. The information underpinning the actuarial valuation is based on events and transactions that are verifiable at the valuation date, without considering expected future trends. The paper also contains an illustrative example to make it easier for policymakers to understand the main advantages and difficulties of our proposal. The policy conclusions stress the need to properly report social insurance benefits to enhance transparency and sustainability and to improve decision-making because it is in the public interest to do so.

Consideration of Tacit Knowledge Sharing by Automation for Reinforcement of Human Abilities: Empirical Comparison of Conservation Techniques Between Japan and Denmark

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadayo Hirata ◽  
Mika Yasuoka ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Empirical Comparison ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Cultural Properties ◽  
Tacit Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Over Time

It is vital for cultural properties to be passed down between generations. Therefore, this study focuses on conservation techniques and discusses a system that provides appropriate automation to prevent the destruction of the value of cultural properties and conservation techniques. Manufacturing companies have improved productivity by rapidly replacing humans with machines. Because of this, the techniques of skilled persons who have gained experience with products over time by maintaining and repairing them are not being inherited by their successors. This has resulted in many manufacturers ceasing production or going out of business. Cultural properties are strongly associated with tradition and tacit knowledge. This makes it more difficult to maintain and reproduce them than common products. Thus, rather than a simple replacement of people and machines, support through applying automation that enhances human abilities is required. This study investigates Japan and a developed country, Denmark, in terms of conservation. On the basis of mutual understanding gained by investigating the state of mutual conservation in the two countries, we summarize the problems and efforts related to tacit knowledge sharing. We used a qualitative research method called ethnographical inquiry to find tacit knowledge underlying the techniques and influences of culture in Japan and Denmark. This study features empirical findings on the appropriate use of both automation that replaces humans with machines and automation that enhances human abilities.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON EXCEL IN HELPING CV. LADI COLLECTION PREPARING THEIR FINANCIAL STATEMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Putri Wulanditya ◽  
Riski Aprillianita
Keyword(s):  
Screen Printing ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Accounting Information System ◽  
Operating Income ◽  
Product Costing ◽  
Business Cycle Accounting ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

Microenterprises in Indonesia is showing increasing progress, especially the printing industry. This study wanted to know what is the description of printing business cycle, accounting records on financial transactions, calculation of production costs and operating income. Research method used is study case at CV. Ladi Collection through field observation, interview, and documentation. Data analysis technique used is qualitative descriptive. From study result in CV. Ladi Collection, there are 2 types of business namely screen printing and school badge production. Accounting recording has been done but only limited to Accounts Receivable Bookkeeping. Many of cash receipts transactions from cash sales are derived from screen printing orders and expenditures were not stored and recorded. Solution on production costs calculation for CV. Ladi Collection is using job order costing for screen printing service and job product costing for badge production. This research also produces Excel design For Accounting (EFA), which consists of 7 sheets of the navigation sheet, beginning balance, journal, ledger, income statement, financial position statement, and depreciation.

scholarly journals The earlier synthetic balance sheet of Datini's Company in Avignon (1410): The combined accounting system

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Mikhail Kuter ◽  
Marina Gurskaya ◽  
Dmitriy Aleinikov
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Accounting Practice ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Financial Result ◽  
Operating Result

When studying accounting history, the use of archival sources is very important. Unfortunately, when scholars explore the genesis of accounting practice, archival sources are not often used. This paper does so, presenting a detailed explanation of features of the accounting system used by Francesco di Marco Datini’s’ company in Avignon 14091410. This accounting system used stocktaking and double entry in order to determination of the operating result and produce an analytical balance sheet. This study analyzed the Quaderno di Ragionamento (the book for drawing-up final accounts, including the financial result) with the aim of clarifying the features of this process. It also investigated the procedure used in preparing the synthetic balance sheet, a process not known previously elsewhere. This research was based on the archival material comprising of account books of the medieval merchant company of Datini, preserved in the State Archive in Prato.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Profit and Loss Statement to Determine the Profit Contribution of the Room Department at Mustika Tuban Hotel

Academia Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanis Yuanis ◽  
Wasito Wasito ◽  
Fitriya Rahayu Ningsih
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Qualitative Research Method ◽  
Marketing Program ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Occupancy Rates ◽  
At Home ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Hotel services are one of the supporting facilities for promoting Indonesian tourism. Hotel activities are renting rooms, selling food, drinks and providing commercial visitor services. These supporting facilities are intended to increase the attractiveness of guests, so that guests are expected to feel at home and have a long stay at the hotel. The purpose of this study is to determine the income, operating costs of the room to the profit of the departmental room at Hotel Mustika Tuban. This research uses descriptive qualitative research method to get a picture of the situation in the field through observation, interviews, documentation, and literature review. Based on the results of the calculation of the allocation of operating expenses (operating expenses) in the room department, a departmental income statement can be prepared for each type of room, so that the proportion of operating expenses and departmental income of each room type can also be calculated in each period. Based on the above, the researcher concluded that the revenue of the room department is strongly influenced by the rate of occupation, considering that the proportion of operating expenses is very low. Apart from these costs, there are still many undistributes expenses that leave the owner's profit. Most of these costs are fixed. Therefore, the importance of a more intensive and creative marketing program to attract guests, given the large number of accommodation capacities and an increase in the volume of occupancy rates.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENERAPAN PSAK NO. 23 TENTANG PENDAPATAN PADA PT. PEGADAIAN CABANG MEGAMAS MANADO

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Relia Musadi ◽  
Herman Karamoy ◽  
Hendrik Gamaliel
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Revenue Recognition ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
A Company

Revenue is one of the most important elements of the formation of income statement within a company. Revenue is due to the company's activities in utilizing production factors for self-sustaining and growth. This research was conducted at PT. Pegadaian Cabang Megamas Manado, a company engaged in financial services whose main activity is to disburse loan money on the basis of legal lien. The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of recognition, pemgukuran, and disclosure of income from PT. Pegadaian Cabang Megamas Manado by using PSAK No. 23 on Revenue as a comparison. The method used is qualitative research method, that is descriptive analysis. The results showed, the recognition of income at PT. Pegadaian Cabang Megamas Manado is recognized based on accrual basis in which income is recognized upon acquisition of goods or services. The measurement of income is recorded at the amount of cash received or at fair value provided for the income. Revenue disclosures are made on the basis of each income post. Recognition, measurement, and disclosure of income at PT. Pegadaian Cabang Megamas Manado is in accordance with PSAK No. 23.Keywords:  Revenue, Recognition, Measurement, Disclosure

scholarly journals DESAIN LAPORAN KEUANGAN UMKM BERBASIS MICROSOFT EXCEL PADA SUNSHINE LAUNDRY

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-286
Author(s):  
Andreuw Pantow ◽  
Ivoletti M. Walukow ◽  
Christony Maradesa ◽  
Esrie A. N. Limpeleh
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Data Collection Instrument ◽  
Flow Diagrams

This study aims to design the financial statements of Sunshine Laundry using the Microsoft Excel application. The research method was descriptive qualitative.  Instruments of data collection was down through interview in the form of questions regarding the recording of financial statements.  While the data collection instrument with documentation, was done through namely evidence of transactions that occurred in the business.  The results of this study indicate that the design of financial statements with Microsoft Excel helps Sunshine Laundry in compiling financial reports in accordance with EMKM accounting standards.  The design of financial reports using Microsoft Excel is assisted by data flow diagrams to describe the flow of the system consisting of a menu design sheet, module 1, module 2, price list, transaction list, account type, chart of account, general journal, income statement, and statement of financial position.

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