Product diversification from pomelo peel. Essential oil, Pectin and semi-dried pomelo peel

Currently, agriculture has shifted to green production, in which the recycling of post-production by-products is a key issue. In the present work, by-products such as pomelos were studied to promote consumption and enhance the value of pomelo. From pomelo material, essential oils extracted from pomelo peels, pectin, and drying pomelo products have been diversified. In the extraction process of essential oils, the hydrodistillation method was applied in conjunction with the response surface method to obtain the optimal conditions of influence factors. These essential oils were quantified as well as determined for components by GC-MS. The pectin recognition process was done by immersion method in HCl acid (pH 2) and the drying process was made with a heat pump dryer under the effects of drying temperature, drying time and wind rate. The results of the essential oil products reached the highest (0.88 ±0.006 g) at the material size of 3 mm, the distillation time of 27 min, and the ratio of raw materials/solvents of 1/12 g/mL. The main components found in pomelo peeling essential oils included limonene (71.768%), γ-terponene (12,847%), α-Phellandrene (2.979%), β-myrcene (2.668%), 1R-α-pinene (2,656%), and β-pinene (1,191%). The pectin content was the highest under the temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 60 min and ratio/solvent ratio of 1:32 g/mL. Under these extraction conditions, 48% of concentrated pectin content was obtained. Surveying conditions for drying white pomelo peels are capable of reversing: refunded drying pomelos are drying heat pumps in the following conditions: 50 °C drying temperature, the drying time of 90 min, and wind rate of 12 m/s. Product with hardness 309.862 N.

Climatic Comfort Potentials in the View of Tourism in Ilam Province Using Equivalent Temperature Index (ETI) and Discomfort Index (DI)

The purpose of present research is to assess Ilam provincial climate in the view of tourism using Equivalent Temperature Index Discomfort Index. In this regard, it was used dataset of National Meteorology Organization and statistics of General planning and management Department, Ilam provincial stations (& stations) from the date of their opening to the end of 2016. Then, collected data were considered by two respective indices. Discomfort Index will calculate the rate of human discomfort in relation to thermal factor using air temperature, relative humidity (RH) and wind rate. Equivalent Temperature Index will assess common effects of temperature on living organism in relation to air temperature and evaporation. Results obtained from Ilam provincial tourism climate by means of Equivalent Temperature Index showed that the lowest and highest annual scores were related to Ilam and Dehloran cities, respectively. Results of Discomfort Index (DI) showed that the lowest and highest DI scores related to Ilam city in January and Dehloran city in July were 614 and 28.8, respectively. Based on obtained results, Ilam province had two different spatial and temporal spans for tourism. Tow that, in regard to tourist attraction, if northern region has optimal conditions in one season, at the same time, there is no optimal conditions in southern regions.

ANALISIS PERFORMANCE KINCIR ANGIN SUMBU VERTIKAL TIGA SUDUT DENGAN KELENGKUNGAN 90°

ABSTRACTWind energy potential in indonesia based on BMKG data quite high where speed rate of wind is 10,28 m/s because of that its needed wind energy converter which suitable with that wind rate profil. In wind utilization as source of energy, especially as motion energy, equiptment be required which function as catcher of energy from wind as we know as windmill. This research intend to find and explain the best performance from windmill with vertically axis three blade with curvature 90. The development of pinwheel which do by change the blade savonius windmill become curvature 90 and designed with aspect ratio = 2,8 , overlap = 0,2 cross-sectional area of windmill is 0,07m2. Research carried out with wind speed from 1,6 m/s till 4,2 m/s. In reasearch measurement do by wheel shaft rotation, current and output voltage DC generator for each different wind speed. Based on the result of the reasearch, windmill vertically axis three blade able to extracted wind power become wind generator (output) with rate 30%. The best performance from windmill vertically axis three blade with curvature 90 have highest coefficient power value at wind speed = 2,2 m/s that is 0,4.Keywords: Wind Power, windmill type 90 blade, three blade, coefficient power.ABSTRAKPotensi energi angin di Indonesia khususnya di Kalimantan Selatan berdasarkan data BMKG cukup tinggi , dengan kecepatan angin rata-rata 10,28 m/s oleh karena itu diperlukan sistem konversi energi angin yang sesuai dengan profil kecepatan angin tersebut. Dalam pemanfaatan angin sebagai sumber energi, terutama sebagai energi gerak, dibutuhkan alat yang berfungsi sebagai penangkap energi dari angin yang dikenal sebagai kincir angin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan kinerja terbaik dari kincir angin sumbu vertikal tiga sudu dengan kelengkungan 90°. Pengembangan kincir yang dilakukan yaitu merubah bentuk sudu kincir angin savonius menjadi kelengkungan 90° dan dirancang dengan aspek rasio = 2,8 ,overlap = 0,2 luas penampang kincir angin adalah 0,07 m2. Penelitian dilakukan dengan kecepatan angin dari 1,6 m/s sampai 4,2 m/s. Dalam penelitian dilakukan pengukuran terhadap putaran poros kincir , arus dan tegangan keluaran generator DC untuk setiap kecepatan angin yang berbeda. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kincir angin sumbu vertikal tiga sudu mampu mengekstraksi daya angin menjadi daya generator (output) rata-rata 30% .Kinerja terbaik dari kincir angin sumbu vertikal tiga sudu dengan kelengkungan 90° memiliki nilai koefisien power tertinggi pada kecepatan angin = 2,2 m/s yaitu 0,4.Kata kunci: Energi angin, Kincir angin tipe sudu 90°, Tiga Sudu, Koefisien power

Multi-Objective Optimization Model of Wind Farm and Pumped Storage Power Station

This paper presents a multi-objective optimization model to solve the volatility and anti load characteristic of wind power. The pumped storage power station is introduced in this paper. Though pumping and watering, the pumped storage power station can cut peak down to smooth the wind power. Given to the economical efficiency of wind farm, operation efficiency of the wind storage joint system is investigated. In order to improve the wind rate, minimize abandon wind is employed in objective function. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, a practical example is tested. The result shows that this model is feasible and effective.

Regional Wind Power Forecasting Based on Cloud Model and Wind Rate Vector

The accuracy of wind power forecast is important to the power system operation. A new prediction model is proposed based on cloud reasoning and wind rate vector , combining with the current and the historical change rule of wind speed, using the change rule of wind speed in a period of time to forecast the power gradient in a point-in-time, The wind turbine power prediction is discussed based on power gradient and power eigenvalue. Simulation results on the case study of historical wind speed and generated power data in some area in China demonstrate that the proposed methodology can improve the accuracy of wind speed forecast and has practical value, especially for the wind turning point.

The Speed of a Fire Front and Its Dependence on Wind-Speed

The results of a number of laboratory tests of wind-driven fires indicate the existence of a characteristic wind speed, U'. The form of the fire spread (V) as a function of mid-flame wind speed (U) differs above and below this characteristic speed. The scatter in field data is so great that it is difficult to confirm this result for field data. However, expressions of the form: V/V0 -1 = α(U/U')0.5 U/U' < 1 and V/V0 -1 = α(U/U')3 U/U' > 1 with U' = 2.5 m s-1 perform in a similar manner to existing models. For many fuel types α = 15. A difficulty with existing fire spread models is the measurement and definition of V0, the no-wind rate of spread. It can hardly ever be measured in the field and has to be inferred from analytical formulae, or by extrapolating measured data. The value of a depends on the method used estimate V0.