Sustainable Stabilizer-Free Nanoparticle Formulations of Valsartan Using Eudragit® RLPO

The bioavailability of the antihypertensive drug valsartan can be enhanced by various microencapsulation methods. In the present investigation, valsartan-loaded polymeric nanoparticles were manufactured from Eudragit® RLPO using an emulsion–solvent evaporation method. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was found to be a suitable stabilizer for the nanoparticles, resulting in a monodisperse colloid system ranging in size between 148 nm and 162 nm. Additionally, a high encapsulation efficiency (96.4%) was observed. However, due to the quaternary ammonium groups of Eudragit® RLPO, the stabilization of the dispersion could be achieved in the absence of PVA as well. The nanoparticles were reduced in size (by 22%) and exhibited similar encapsulation efficiencies (96.4%). This more cost-effective and sustainable production method reduces the use of excipients and their expected emission into the environment. The drug release from valsartan-loaded nanoparticles was evaluated in a two-stage biorelevant dissolution set-up, leading to the rapid dissolution of valsartan in a simulated intestinal medium. In silico simulations using a model validated previously indicate a potential dose reduction of 60–70% compared to existing drug products. This further reduces the expected emission of the ecotoxic compound into the environment.

Microemulsion Stability of Virgin Coconut Oil Based on Tradition of Melala Sumbawa's Society

The Melala is a tradition of the Sumbawa people who use coconut milk to obtain Sumbawa oil for traditional medicine. Coconut milk is a colloidal system of stable oil in water (O/W) microemulsion. Within a particular time, the emulsion will split to produce oil (VCO), protein, and water due to the colloid equilibrium on the stability of the coconut milk emulsion. The purpose of this study was to compare the microemulsion stability of the coconut milk colloid system. The VCO was isolated by heating, enzymatically, acidifying, and adding whiting methods for comparison. The physical stability of the O/W microemulsion was measured by the volume of VCO produced from various isolation methods in simple laboratory experiments. The results showed that the physical stability of the O/W microemulsion on VCO isolation by enzymatic method using papain enzyme was the least.

The development of learning modul of colloid system integrated with project based learning (PjBL) system to increase the result of students’ learning

This research aims to develop learning material in the form of colloid learning system module integrated with PjBL model in accordance with curriculum 2013 and to find out the increasing of students learning result after using learning module of colloid system integrated with Project Based Learning (PjBL) system. The type of the study is development research and experiment. It examines how the module of Integrated with Project Based Learning (PjBL) integrated with PjBL model is organized based on curriculum 2013 and the experiment is managed by analyzing the using of the module in senior high school. The study was carried out to the students of 9th grade of SMA Negeri 1 Sunggal and SMA Swasta Muhammadiyah 18 Sunggal school year of 2018/2019 in second semester. The data are examined by using independent sample of T-test by using SPSS 23 program. The result shows that colloid system module integrated with PjBL developed model is valid and appropriate to be used based on BSNP.The score of the students who are taught by with the module has increased in average about 82.80 (high) with a pretest score of 31.80 (low), the score of the students who are taught by using textbooks increase to 77.60 (middle) with a pretest score of 32.40 (low). Keywords: Module, Colloid, Project based learning

Keterampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Siswa Dalam Pembelajaran Model Inkuiri Terbimbing Materi Sistem Koloid: Sebuah Studi Literatur

The purpose of this study was to describe students higher-order thinking skills in the guided inquiry learning model of the colloid system material. This research is library research using semi-systematic literature review type. The nature of this research is descriptive analysis. The data collection method in this research is the documentation method with the Miles and Huberman data analysis method. The experimental procedure used follows the following stages: 1) Designing a review, 2) Conducting a review, 3) Analysis, 4) Writing a review. The results of this study showed that students high-order thinking skills in guided inquiry model learning colloid system material can be seen in the exploration, concept formation, application, and closing stages.

Temperature and Concentration Dependence of Human Whole Blood and Protein Drying Droplets

The drying of bio-colloidal droplets can be used in many medical and forensic applications. The whole human blood is the most complex bio-colloid system, whereas bovine serum albumin (BSA) is the simplest. This paper focuses on the drying characteristics and the final morphology of these two bio-colloids. The experiments were conducted by varying their initial concentrations, and the solutions were dried under various controlled substrate temperatures using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The droplet parameters (the contact angle, the fluid front, and the first-order image statistics) reveal the drying process’s unique features. Interestingly, both BSA and blood drying droplets’ contact angle measurements show evidence of a concentration-driven transition as the behavior changes from non-monotonic to monotonic decrease. This result indicates that this transition behavior is not limited to multi-component bio-colloid (blood) only, but may be a phenomenon of a bio-colloidal solution containing a large number of interacting components. The high dilution of blood behaves like the BSA solution. The ring-like deposition, the crack morphology, and the microstructures suggest that the components have enough time to segregate and deposit onto the substrate under ambient conditions. However, there is insufficient time for evaporative-driven segregation to occur at elevated temperatures, as expected.