Translation of Plant RNA Viruses

Plant RNA viruses encode essential viral proteins that depend on the host translation machinery for their expression. However, genomic RNAs of most plant RNA viruses lack the classical characteristics of eukaryotic cellular mRNAs, such as mono-cistron, 5′ cap structure, and 3′ polyadenylation. To adapt and utilize the eukaryotic translation machinery, plant RNA viruses have evolved a variety of translation strategies such as cap-independent translation, translation recoding on initiation and termination sites, and post-translation processes. This review focuses on advances in cap-independent translation and translation recoding in plant viruses.

ICONIC AND SYMBOLIC ASPECT IN TRADEMARKS OF THE LATE 19th AND EARLY 20th CENTURIES

The purpose of the study is to identify the possibilities of visual symbolism in the creation of a company image using a logo in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Research Methodology. The historical, historical-comparative, analytical methods were used to conduct the research; art history methods — formal, figurative-stylistic, semantic analysis — were used to identify the figurative and symbolic language of the company’s logos late 19th – early 20th centuries. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the works of foreign and national scientists of the 20th century, the symbol and mark are characterised as means of expressing the phenomenon essence, and the existing classifications of symbols are considered. The logos used in the late 19th – early 20th centuries in the world practice and on the Ukraine territory are analysed. The example of the Prudential Financial insurance company (the USA) shows that the use of a symbolic element remained unchanged in the process of its changes during 1860–1996. On the example of the trademarks of Ukrainian enterprises — the Ernst Mehlhose Agricultural Machinery Plant (1874–1923), the F. V. Alsop in Kharkiv enterprise, Luhansk Textile Mill (1904–2001), Kyiv Contract Fair (1797–1930) — the methods of visual identification are considered, the artistic means are determined; the comparative analysis is carried out. It is established that the image of the rock in the structure of the American company logo is a symbol of strength and security and appeals to its main characteristics. It is determined that in the means of visual identification of Ukrainian enterprises of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, there is a tendency to express clearly the company specialisation through realistic images of architectural buildings that belonged to them or produced products, as well as ordinary names with moderate artistic design.

EZTM experience in designing and manufacturing of rolling mill main drive gearboxes

The experience of the Electrostal Heavy Machinery Plant (EZTM) in designing and production of special gearboxes and gear stands for main drive of various rolling mills is summed up. The specifics of section and ball-rolling mills, piercing and reduction mills, mills for cold rolling of tubes and mills for the production of reinforcing bars are considered. It was shown that at designing of special gearboxes for the main drives of rolling mills, the designer, taking into account the parameters of the mill, must build a cyclogram of their loading, which depends both on the range of rolled products and on the variability of loads within the rolling cycle of one billet. In the Designing Department of EZTM, the strength calculation of gears of different types is carried out in the REDUK 4.3 software package, which allows performing strength calculations of gears taking into account the expected loading cyclogram. At the same time, the program provides the initial data for calculating the shafts and bearings, i.e, the forces in engagement and the rotational speed of each of the shafts for the first stage of the cyclogram. The geometrical parameters of the gears are optimized according to the criterion of contact and flexural strength, both between the stages and within each of them.The load sequence diagram depends both on the range of rolled products, and variable loadings in a rolling cycle of a workpiece. Geometric parameters of gears are optimized by contact and bending equal strength, as between the stages as within each of them. Carburizing, hardening and grinding of teeth are provided and secured technologically. Currently, the gearboxes manufactured by the plant are successfully operated at many metallurgical enterprises, both in Russia and abroad. Among them, the gearboxes of main drive of the piercing mill of the Seversk Pipe Plant, the mills for cold rolling of tubes in the USA and China, the section mills at the Yartsevo Casting and Rolling Plant, the reduction mill at the Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Plant, etc.

Predicting Future of Unattended Machinery Plants: A Step Toward Reliable Autonomous Shipping

Future waterborne transport operations in short-sea, sea-river, and inland waterways can be performed by autonomous vessels. The automation of maritime shipping directly emphasizes reducing crew numbers, minimizing operational costs, andmitigating human error during the operation. Recent researches have focused on understanding autonomous navigation while the reliability of unattended machinery plant has received very little attention. This paper aims at developing a method for predicting the performance of failure-sensitive components that may be left unattended in autonomous shipping. The presented methodology adopts Bayesian Inference as the basis of the artificial intelligence for predicting maintenance schedules including repair, inspection, and irregular checks of unattended systems. A Multinomial Process Tree (MPT) is used to model the failures within the system, identify faulty components, and to predict their failure times. A real case study from a short sea voyage is adopted to demonstrate the application of the presented methodology. The results of this research will assist decision and policy-makers to prevent costly failures in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) and extend the service life of autonomous systems before any human intervention.

Fuzzy Logic and Condition Monitoring of Machinery Plant Equipment

The development of fuzzy logic in the companies mentioned by the authors is meant to automate the plant adaptively. The goal is to reduce downtimes in the plant, and hence, the framework done by the researchers will solve the problems by making the plant intelligent. Fuzzy logic is human concept, potentially applicable to a wide range of processes and tasks that require human intuition and experience. In computer, truth values are either 1 or 0, which correspond to true/false duality. In fuzzy logic, truth is the matter of degree, thus truth-values range between 1 and 0 in a continuous manner. Fuzzy logic is a method for representing information in a way that resembles natural human communication.